Division 23

23 00 00 HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC)

23 00 01 Owner General Requirements and Design Intent

.01 Summary of Design Intent

1. DESIGN FOR COMPLETENESS:  All projects are expected to be complete at their conclusion, meaning that the project generates no need for additional efforts beyond the planned scope.   Any expansion or renovation of conditioned space must include an assessment of the adequacy of the utilities infrastructure.  Above all, the campus maintenance staff is not available to complete projects or provide remedies to problems caused by the project.
2. ENERGY CONSERVATION:
1. GENERAL: The University is extremely interested in initiatives in energy management such as sustainable building designs that effect lower operation costs and good stewardship of state funds and natural resources.
2. SPACE LAYOUT:  The simplest and most effective method of energy conservation is to turn things off when not in use.  To this end, spaces with similar occupancy schedules should be grouped together, to the extent possible, on the same HVAC system, to accommodate unoccupied shutdown.
3. SUSTAINABILITY:  The following general design objectives shall be considered and utilized where feasible when designing or planning the construction of new buildings or renovation of existing buildings
1. Reduce environmental impact through respect for natural systems and the ecology of the site by considering building orientation, natural solar shading, incorporating renewable resource use and other innovative environmental impact reduction designs.
2. Ensure energy efficiency by incorporating the use of sustainable energy sources, reduce energy costs reduction strategies through integrated systems building design, maximizing the use of natural day light, daylighting, the use of energy efficient artificial lighting, passive heating/cooling and other cost effective energy conservation designs.
3. Ensuring resource conservation when considering the use of land, materials & building in the most efficient & effective manner through the use of pre-used construction materials, use of construction materials made from recycled materials, the minimizing construction waste, the use of water minimizing fixtures and other cost effective source conservation designs and activities.
4. Ensure the health & well-being of the building occupants & visitors through the use of low VOC materials (paint, cleaners etc.), efficient HVAC design with fresh air to maintain the recommended CO2 levels and other indoor air quality and indoor environmental enhancing designs and activities.
5. Strive to incorporate all the above sustainable approaches to achieve a comprehensive and holistic environmentally sustainable facility.
4. UTILITIES IMPACT POLICY: Each project is responsible for funding all utility infrastructure upgrades made necessary by that project.
5. UTILITY DESIGN:
1. Designer shall consult with current drawings, planning connections, and upgrades.
2. University is in the process of developing master plans.  Contact Project Manager. 

.02 Related Documents

1. The general requirements of the Penn State Office of Physical Plant Design and Construction Standards, including the Introduction, General Notes to the Professional and Contract Administration Division and General Conduct of the Work and Special Requirements apply to the work specified in this Division.
2. Utilities: (Refer to Division 33)
3. Systems Serving Classroom Areas: (Refer to Division 13). 

.03 Definitions

1. BTU Conversion Factor: The following energy source to BTU conversion factors have been established for general University use:
1. Coal -------------------- 25 x 106 BTU/ton
2. #2 Fuel Oil ------------- 140 x 103 BTU/gal.
3. Electricity ------------- 3.412 x 103 BTU/k.w.h.
4. Steam ------------------- 1 x 103 BTU/lb.
5. Air Conditioning -------- 12 x 103 BTU/ton
6. Natural Gas ------------- 1030 BTU/ft.3
2. These values are modified from time to time.  The Professional shall consult the University for the most recent revisions. 

.04 Submittals

1. Design Calculations:  The University requires calculations to be submitted for all projects. 

.05 Standard of Quality/Quality Assurance

1. General (Reserved)
2. Pressure Vessels
1. All pressure vessels shall be in accordance with the requirements of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Labor and Industry Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels.
2. Tanks and pressure vessels shall be inspected, stamped and certified to be constructed in accordance with the above code and the ASME Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels.
3. Operating certificates shall be turned over to the University upon completion of the project.

.06 Coordination and Space Planning

1. General:  Refer to Space Planning requirements in the Introduction of the Design and Construction Standards. 
2. Mechanical Rooms:
1. Mechanical rooms shall be designed in accordance with the most current version of all applicable codes.
2. Mechanical rooms shall be planned with sufficient size and equipment laid out to provide adequate maintenance clearances for all equipment; (i.e. for filter changes, tube and coil pull spaces, repair of components, etc.).  Adequate means of access shall be provided for replacement of largest piece of equipment without removing general construction or moving other equipment.   Minimize the need to do maintenance from ladders.  Provide overhead structural steel with portable chain hoists to lift heavy motors, compressors, fans, etc. Provide adequate lighting.
3. Mechanical rooms shall be provided with an automatic ventilation system.
4. Mechanical rooms shall be provided with a minimum of one floor drain.  Floor drains shall be piped to sanitary system.
5. Provide mechanical rooms with minimum one hose bibb with backflow preventer in supply piping.
6. All equipment drains, blow down lines, etc. shall be piped to a floor drain with an approved air gap fitting.
7. Mechanical rooms shall be located to provide access directly from the building exterior.  Mechanical rooms shall not be located where vibration and/or noise would be objectionable.
3. Janitor Rooms
1. Janitor rooms are not accessible to maintenance employees.  Therefore, mechanical equipment, valves, electric panels, thermostats, etc. are not to be placed in these rooms.
2. Refer to Division 23 00 10.03 for janitor room ventilation requirements.
4. Equipment Locations
1. Terminal units and air handling equipment shall not be located above an occupied space unless prior approval is received from the University.  All equipment must be readily accessible for maintenance. 
2. Floor mounted equipment shall be installed on concrete housekeeping pads.  Pads shall be isolated from the surrounding slab if vibration requirements warrant.
3. All equipment installed on grade outdoors shall be installed on reinforced concrete pads.  Foundation requirements shall be analyzed for large pad-mounted equipment.
4. Locations of mechanical equipment which affect the aesthetics of the building and Campus shall be approved by the Environmental Quality Board.  Discuss approval procedures with the Project Manager.
5. Equipment above the finished floor level or roof level shall be provided with access platforms or walkways suitable for maintenance activities.
6. Equipment accessible to the general public shall be provided with screens, fences, or enclosures to deter vandalism and to prevent access to dangerous conditions.

23 00 10 Systems Selection and Application

.01 General

1. Construction documents shall clearly record all pertinent information and criteria related to the design, construction and intended operation of the HVAC systems.  Such information shall include, but not necessarily be limited to:
1. Critical space temperature and pressure relationships to be maintained.
2. Construction phasing planning as required to minimize disruption to existing facilities and occupancies.
3. Future provisions including:
1. Intentional oversizing of equipment or distribution systems and intended future connection points.
2. Floor Space to be kept clear for future additional equipment.
3. Provisions for major equipment replacement such as removable louvers or knock-out panels, etc.
4. Special operating instructions of systems, special purpose valves, dampers or manual/emergency type controls.
5. Shut-down and emergency instructions.
6. Intended summer and winter operating and change over instructions.
7. Any other special operating or maintenance instructions.
2. Equipment (Non-typical)or Process Load Criteria: Design criteria for specialized, non-typical equipment or process heat gains (excluding people, lights, conduction, and solar loads), in critical and special areas such as computer rooms, microcomputer labs, research labs, etc. shall be scheduled on the drawings by room number for future reference.

.02 Design Conditions

1. The following are general design guidelines for inside and outdoor design conditions.
   
   

   Area Description	Season	Indoor	Outdoor	Comments
   Comfort Areas	Summer Winter	75°F DB/50% 72°F DB/25%	90°F DB  74°F WB 0°F DB	1, 4 5
   Labs & Critical Areas	Summer Winter	Consult w/User Consult w/User	92°F DB  74°F WB 0°F DB	Note 5
   Animal Rooms	Summer Winter	Note 3 Note 3	95°F DB  75°F WB -10°F DB	2,  5 2
   Cooling Tower Selection	Summer Winter		77°F WB

1. Consideration shall be given to morning warm-up cycle.
2. Typically these systems are required to be 100% outdoor air systems, therefore, the outdoor design conditions are altered for these and any other 100% outside air systems.  Specified discharge air temperatures shall be maintained at all times.
3. As specified in the latest edition of "Guide for Care & Use of Laboratory Animals".
4. Operating control setpoints shall be as follows:
1. Comfort Areas such as general office/classrooms
1. Occupied: 70 heating, 75 cooling
2. Unoccupied:  60 heating, 85 cooling
3. Holiday Setback:  50 heating, 85 cooling
5. The University Park Campus chilled water system distributes chilled water at a supply temperature of 43°.  Therefore, all chilled water coils must be selected to function at a supply chilled water temperature of 43° with a minimum  of 12°.  The exception to this requirement is chilled water coils that are expected to provide cooling year-round to isolated zones that are not practical to serve via airside economizer (examples: telecom/data closets, elevator equipment rooms).  These chilled water coils must be selected to function at a supply chilled water temperature of 48°, which is the winter “free cooling” maximum supply water temperature.

.03 General Pressure Relationship and Ventilation Requirements for Certain Areas

                                               P = Positive, E = Equal, N = Negative

    Notes:

1. Conform to ASHRAE STANDARD 62 Ventilation For Acceptable Air Quality (Latest Edition).
2. Quantity required to maintain maximum of 10° above Summer Outdoor Design DB temperature.
3. Transfer from corridors permitted.  Exhaust air quantity shall be greater of 2.5 cfm/ft2 or 10 AC/HR or as required by ASHRAE STANDARD 62 Ventilation For Acceptable Air Quality (Latest Edition).
4. Discuss specific requirements with the University representative.  Requirements may vary.

.04 Standby Equipment for Critical Areas

1. Standby equipment requirements shall be discussed with the Project Manager for systems serving critical areas such as:
1. Labs
2. Research Buildings
3. Animal Rooms
4. Main Frame Computer Rooms
2. Contract documents shall indicate equipment which is intended for standby service.
3. Animal Rooms, in addition to being tied into the main building chilled water system, shall have a totally independent air-cooled, chilled-water system to serve as backup during summer operation and to provide a year round supply of chilled water.
4. Auto changeover shall be provided for all standby equipment.  Changeover shall be alarmed to CCS.  Refer to Division 23 09 00.

.05 Emergency Shutdown

1. All systems shall be arranged for emergency shutdown requirements outlined in the applicable codes.
2. Emergency shutdowns shall be alarmed to CCS.

.06 Central Heating and Cooling Plant

1. CAMPUS CHILLED WATER:
1. Much of University Park Campus is, or will be, served by a campus loop chilled water system.  The chilled water system of each new building must be designed so as to be compatible with the characteristics of the campus chilled water system.  New buildings shall have chilled water pumps (in a booster arrangement from the campus distribution loop with check valves and automatic control valves).  Refer to Campus Chilled Water System Building Service Entrance Details (with our without heat exchangers as applicable).
2. Buildings served by a central chiller plant shall NOT have an automatic water make-up connection.  Make provision for flushing and initial filling of the chilled water system using domestic water.
3. Expansion tanks shall not be installed in any part that directly connected to the campus chilled water system.  Buildings provided with a heat exchanger will require an expansion tank (bladder type) in the building side of the heat exchanger, but NOT in the campus side.
4. Refer to Chilled Water System Sequence of Operation posted for the general requirements relating to Building Chilled Water Control Systems.  Review and coordinate project specific modification requirements with University Chilled Water Utility Engineer
5. All buildings shall be provided with shut-off valves at the building entrance (inside the building) with manual air vents and drains on the plant side of the shut-off valves.  Refer to Building Wall Penetration Detail. 
6. All isolation valves shall be high performance butterfly valve, lug style.
7. Provide thermometers in thermal wells. Provide manifold pressure taps to a single gauge.  Automatic air vents shall have isolation valves for replacement/maintenance.  Manual air vents to consist of ¾” ball valves and necessary pipe/fittings to clear valve handle of insulation.  Discharge from manual air vent valve to turn out horizontally from carrier pipe and be provided with hose bibb connection and cap on chain.  Low point system drains are to be installed in similar fashion with ball valve, piping, hose bibb connection and cap.  Provide air/water separators with a combination of manual and automatic air vents at all high points in system and drains at low points.
8. Emergency chilled water tie-in points shall be provided on air conditioning critical buildings such as animal facilities, computing centers, medical facilities, etc.  Discuss with Project Manager for application.

.07 Zoning

1. Zoning of the systems shall be done in accordance with sound engineering judgment relating to varying load conditions, function of space, occupancy schedules, etc.  Final zoning shall be discussed at conceptual design stage with the Project Manager.  Rooms shall be individually controlled.
2. All Classrooms are to be separately zoned to allow cooling all year long, including those times when building air conditioning is turned off for the season.  Refer to Division 13 for further references to General Purpose Classroom document that includes information on HVAC needs related to Classrooms. 

.08 Water Systems

1. Glycol Dry Coolers
1. Utilize free cooling option for computer room systems when it is cost effective.
2. Refer to Detail [23 xx xx .xx].  Details are not yet available in WEB-based manual.
2. Process Cooling Water Systems
1. City water is not permitted to be used in "once through cooling" applications.
2. Laboratory equipment and other applications requiring specialized process cooling water shall be appropriately designed by the Professional.  Specialized process cooling equipment or heat exchangers and pumps connected to other building condenser water loops may be utilized, if applicable.
3. The Professional's approach should be reviewed with the University early in the design process.

.09 All-Air Systems (General)

1. Ducted supply and return systems are required.  Return plenums are not permitted unless prior approval is received.
2. One hundred percent shutoff VAV systems are not permitted.  Minimum airflow must be maintained to satisfy ventilation requirements.  Reheat shall be provided for all interior and exterior zone VAV boxes.
3. Economizer cycle (temperature controlled) shall be utilized on all systems for areas requiring year-round cooling.
4. For all systems five tons and over utilizing economizer cycles a separate return or exhaust fan must be utilized to provide positive relief and also standby capacity in the event of supply fan failure.
5. All sheet metal shall be specified to be constructed in accordance with the latest edition of SMACNA's HVAC duct construction standards.
6. It is the intent that duct leakage tests will not be necessary since the Professional will be specifying a high quality duct joint and seam sealant or sealing system to be installed on all ductwork constructed to static pressure classifications of 1" and greater.
1. The Engineer shall specify a duct static pressure construction classification, a duct seal classification and a duct leakage classification (when required) for all duct systems.  All values shall be as recommended by SMACNA in "HVAC Air Duct Leakage Test Manual", First Edition-1985.
2. Duct Leakage Tests shall only be required for air systems with a 4" or greater duct static pressure construction classification.
3. Duct systems constructed to static pressure classes lower than 4" shall be inspected for leaks by a representative of the Professional’s office or the University prior to insulation of the duct system.  All sources of audible noise shall be identified and sealed in accordance with the project specifications. 

.10 Computer Room Air-Conditioning Systems

1. Main frame computer room air conditioning systems shall be package computer room units, glycol cooled, with free cooling option.  In raised floor rooms, distribution shall be under the floor.  Raised floor shall be high enough to provide adequate air circulation but in no case less than 12".
2. Units shall be equipped with trouble indicators, audible alarms with silencers and auxiliary contacts for shutdown upon detection of fire.  All alarms shall be interconnected with CCS and the Contractor shall be required to demonstrate to a University Representative that each alarm is fully functional and connected to CCS.
3. Humidification shall be provided to satisfy computer requirements using building steam.  Electronic steam generators shall not be used except where building steam is not available.  Discuss exceptions with Project Manager.
4. Standby equipment shall be discussed with the Project Manager.
5. Refer to Detail [23 xx xx .xx] for piping.  Details are not yet available in WEB-based manual. 

.11 Micro and Personal Computer Lab Air Conditioning

1. See Paragraph 23 00 10.10.A, except that raised floors are not normally installed and distribution may be ducted overhead.
2. Humidification is not normally required.
3. Standby equipment is not required.

23 01 00 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF HVAC SYSTEMS

.01 General

1. Operation and Maintenance Information for Preventive Maintenance and Training:
   
   The Office of Physical Plant implements a computerized preventive maintenance (PM) program of every new system or improvement.  In order to have the PM program in place when OPP assumes responsibility for maintenance, the project information pertinent to the preventive maintenance must be provided considerably prior to project completion.  Forty-five days before project completion is the minimum unless specified differently by the Project Manager.  This information will be in the form of a bound document or three ring binder with copies of the pages from the manufacturers O & M manuals detailing the preventive and predictive maintenance routines and schedules for each piece of equipment or other entity requiring preventive maintenance.  This document will also include a list of the room numbers of the restrooms and classrooms.
   
   Operation and Maintenance information must be provided to Facilities Services prior to training.
   
   This information may also be required when beneficial occupancy has been granted in the course of phased construction.

.02 Maintenance Manuals

1. Three (3) complete copies of the maintenance manual labeled as described herein shall be submitted to the University for approval in as many three (3) ring loose leaf binders as required.  The copies shall be submitted a minimum of two weeks prior to any instructions and demonstrations to University personnel.
2. The manuals shall be typewritten and include a table of contents.  The information shall be arranged in a logical order for use by the University in maintaining the projects.
3. The manuals shall include but not be limited to the following:
1. Table of Contents.
2. Materials list with place of purchase.
3. List of normally replaced items, such as filters, fuses, belts, seals, screens, etc., indicating style, rating, size, etc., and place of purchase.
4. Installation, servicing, maintenance and operating instructions for all systems and components with place of original purchase, and name, address and phone number of person servicing system.
5. Manufacturers guarantees and warranties.
6. Approved copies of shop drawing, including component wiring diagrams and ATC wiring piping diagrams of all installed systems indicating all connections, color coding, functions, locations, etc.  Approved as noted shop drawings submittals shall be corrected to incorporate all approval notes prior to inclusion in Maintenance Manuals.
7. Schedule of all motors, starters and controllers under this contract with the following information included:
1. Location
2. All Nameplate data
3. Overload rating, and manufacturer's number
4. Actual full load amperes
5. Over-current protection
8. System and equipment start-up, seasonal changeover, and seasonal shut-down with pre-start checklists and precautions.
9. System and equipment troubleshooting guides.
10. Reference documents which shall include construction drawings list, record set of drawings list, test and balance records.
11. Testing and balancing procedures for each system(s) and system(s) components.
12. Copies of all inspection certificates and approvals from all inspection agencies.
13. Copy of an approved testing and balancing report.
14. Copy of all Mechanical Vibration Analysis and Alignment Verification Reports.

.03 Tour/Instruction/Demonstration

1. Maintenance Manuals
1. Maintenance manuals shall be furnished a minimum of two weeks prior to any instructions and demonstrations to University personnel.  See Paragraph 23 01 00.02 for manual content.
2. Tours for University Personnel
1. At the completion of the work, immediately after Substantial Completion, the Contractor shall conduct a walk-through tour of the project work areas.  The purpose of the tour shall be to introduce the University personnel who will have charge of the equipment or use of the space to the new areas.  Generalities of the type of equipment installed shall be discussed during the tour.
3. Instructions to University Personnel
1. At the completion of the work, after the University has taken over use of the Building or work area, the Contractor shall instruct those University employees who will have charge of the equipment, the care, adjustment, and operation of all parts of the system.  Such instruction shall cover a minimum period as specified, eight (8) hours per day, and shall be arranged for at the University's convenience.
4. Demonstration to University Personnel
1. In addition to the instruction period mentioned above, the Contractor shall demonstrate the automatic temperature control cycle, on a point-by-point basis, at every piece of controlled equipment to a specially designated University representative.  Following this, the Contractor shall instruct maintenance personnel on all automatic temperature control equipment in the presence of this representative.
5. Maintenance and Operations personnel shall be given a minimum two-week notice of each of the above scheduled tour or instruction dates. 

.04 Start-Up

1. The Contractor shall arrange for special start-up service from the equipment manufacturer, or his appointed agent, for the following equipment:
1. Chillers
2. Boilers
3. Pumps
4. Air Handling Units
5. Cooling Towers
6. ATC Systems
2. The start-up shall include, but not necessarily be limited to:
1. Alignment and Balance
2. Lubrication
3. Electrical Connections, Voltage, Rotation
4. Motor Amperage Readings
5. Pump Discharge and Suction Readings
6. Chiller Head and Suction Pressures
7. Condenser Water Flow and Temperature
8. Chilled Water Flow and Temperature Chiller Lock,
9. Sequences and Safety Controls
10. Water Systems
11. Supervise Flushing and Cleaning
12. Take pH Readings
13. Water Treatment-heating systems, cooling systems, and condenser water systems
14. Combustion Analysis
15. BAS tuning and calibration
3. Maintenance and Operations personnel shall be given minimum two-week notification of scheduled start-up date to observe procedures.  This does not preclude the requirements for operating instructions.
4. Following start-up, the manufacturer shall submit a report on his findings to the Contractor with a copy to the University.  If the project is State funded, include a copy of the report for the Department of General Services.

.05 Warranties

1. The specifications shall be prepared to include a one-year guarantee for the entire installation.  The following components or systems shall be specified with an extended warranty period:
1. Compressors - Five (5) years
2. BAS Systems - Two (2) years
2. The warranties shall cover parts and labor for the duration of the warranty period.
3. Routine preventive maintenance shall not be included as part of the warranty service.

23 05 00 COMMON WORK RESULTS FOR HVAC

23 05 01 Mechanical General Requirements

.01 Motors and Drives

1. Motors
1. All motors over 1/2 hp shall be ball bearing unless otherwise noted.
2. All ball bearing motors shall be equipped with lubricating type bearings, and provided with one (1) grease fitting per bearing and one (1) removable plug per bearing in the bottom of the grease sump to provide for flushing and pressure relief when lubricating.  Motors shall be permanently marked that bearings are lubricating type bearings.  Where motor grease fittings are not accessible, extend 1/8" steel or copper tubing from fitting to an accessible location.
3. Motors 3/4 hp and larger to be three phase, 60 hertz.
4. Motors smaller than 3/4 hp to be single phase, 60 hertz, 120V and shall have built in thermal protection.
5. All motors above 1 hp shall be the low loss - high efficiency type.  Motors shall be tested in accordance with NEMA standard MG1 1.536 and name plate shall indicate the index letter.
6. All 3-phase motors larger than 5 hp shall have power factor correction capacitors as recommended by the manufacturer.
7. Motor inrush current must not create a voltage sag in excess of 3 percent without specific University approval.
8. A voltage sag report shall be completed by the Professional on selected projects as determined by the University.  Report shall include backup calculations and expected building voltage sag when motor or motors in question are started.
9. The University has experienced widespread premature motor shaft bearing failures due to fluting from electrical arcing on motors equipped with Variable Frequency Drives.  The Design Engineer must specify appropriate technologies and/or include provisions in the system design to prevent electrical fluting induced premature bearing failure from occurring. 
2. Drives
1. All belt driven equipment shall include properly selected adjustable sheaves and matched V belts, all rated for 150% of motor horsepower.  Proper expanded metal guards should be provided for safety protection and to allow for proper ventilation for cool operation of belts.  Solid sheaves and band belts shall be used to minimize vibration in multiple V-belt driven equipment.
2. Motor grease fittings shall be extended so belt guards do not need to be removed.
3. All adjustable sheaves shall be replaced with suitable fixed sheaves prior to final acceptance by the University. 

.02 Pressure Gauges and Thermometers

1. Gauges for general use shall be "Quality" type as manufactured by Marsh Instrument Company or equal.  Gauges shall have a 4 1/2 inch diameter dial.  In main mechanical room, HVAC Contractor shall provide 6" diameter gauges for all steam pressures and pumped condensate pressure.  The Plumbing Contractor shall provide similar gauges for water and air.  Gauges shall be calibrated for static head.  All gauges shall be equipped with shutoff valves and snubbers.
2. Siphons shall be used with all steam gauges.  Also, all gauges shall have gauge cocks or valves suitable for the pressure involved.
3. Thermometers for general use shall be stem type with an adjustable bracket.  Thermometers shall be organic liquid filled (red) in lieu of mercury filled.
4. The scale on gauges and thermometers shall be read to twice the operating pressure or temperature.  The Professional shall specify gauge and thermometer ranges. 

.03 Valves

1. General
1. All valves on any one project shall be the product of one manufacturer.
2. Valves shall be right handed.  Balancing valves shall be a type that can be used for shut-off without disturbing balancing point setting. 
3. Where possible, valves shall be installed with valve bonnet in an upright position to prevent deterioration or corrosion of bonnet and packing.
4. Valve body materials shall be compatible with piping system materials.
2. Pump Valves
1. All constant speed circulating pumps shall have a triple duty valve installed on the discharge side of the pump.
2. Triple duty valves shall not be used on pumps equipped with variable speed drives.
3. Shutoff Valves
1. Isolation shutoff valves shall be installed at each piece of equipment, terminal unit, and each branch takeoff to facilitate shutdown for repair.  Positive shutoff balancing valves with memory may satisfy this requirement at terminal units.
4. Balancing Valves
1. Manual balancing valves are not very effective in dynamic, variable flow pumping systems.  Recommending to provide pressure independent characterized control valves with optional p/t ports to allow flow verification to serve dual purposes (dynamic flow limiting and control functions) for temperature control valves on central, large (10 gpm and greater) hot water/chilled water coils throughout project.
1. Valves manufactured by Belimo (model PICCV) and Griswold (PIC-V) are the only ones acceptable to PSU at this time.
2. These valves will help to ensure that the new system's operation will be effective and efficient.  Also, the risk of future system modifications throwing the entire system out of balance would be virtually eliminated with these valves.  Since balancing valves or reverse return piping layouts are not necessary with these valves and manual balancing labor can be reduced, the increased cost associated with the control valves themselves may not increase the total system installation cost.
2. On smaller, terminal type heating and cooling units (under 10 gpm):
1. No manual or automatic balancing valves are required at the individual terminals.  Standard characterized control valve shall act as flowing limiting device.
2. Add auto flow limiter with optional p/t ports to allow flow verification with service isolation valves at each end in the main branch hydronic supply pipes off of each riser at each level to limit overall connected design flow to terminal devices served by each main branch.
3. For individual finned tube radiators in which design flow needs to be set for optimum velocity and heat transfer, a manual balance valve may be installed.  If the characterized control valve will not fit in the FTR enclosure, call for it to be in an accessible location in the ceiling.  Small, poor quality zone valves with low close off pressures are not acceptable.
   
3. Balancing valves shall be installed in all 3-way control valve bypass lines and at all flow meters.
4. Gate valves shall be limited to shutoff service only.  Gate valves shall not be used in a throttling application.  Globe valves or ball valves shall be used. 
5. Check Valves
1. Where check valves are required, check valves shall be installed on the equipment side of all shutoff valves to facilitate servicing the check valve.
6. Drain Valves
1. Drain valves shall be a minimum of 3/4" with hose end connection.

.04 Pipe Hangers and Supports

1. Provide an adequate pipe suspension system in accordance with the current version of the International Mechanical Code, recognized engineering practices, using standard, commercially accepted pipe hangers and accessories.  The use of pipe hooks, chains, or perforated iron for pipe supports will not be accepted. 
2. Contractor shall submit Data sheets for approval on all pipe hanger items prior to installation.
3. All piping shall be arranged to maintain the required pitch and provided for proper expansion and contraction.
4. No holes are to be drilled or burned in structural building steel for hanger rod supports.
5. Vertical runs of pipe shall be supported with riser clamps made specifically for pipe or for tubing.
6. Where concentrated loads of valves and fittings occur, closer spacing may be necessary.  Hangers must be installed not more than 12 inches from each change in direction of pipes.
7. All hangers for piping shall be provided with a means of vertical adjustment.  If adjustment is not incorporated in the hangers, use turnbuckles.
8. Provide piping suspension systems with vibration isolation capability as required.  For vibration isolation requirements of piping suspension systems, refer to Sound and Vibration Control, 23 05 01.05.
9. Copper clamps and hangers shall be used on copper piping.

.05 Sound and Vibration Control

1. Vibration Control Requirements
1. Mechanical and electrical equipment and associated piping and duct work shall be mounted on vibration isolators as specified and shown in equipment schedules and as required to minimize transmission of noise and vibration to the building structure or spaces within.
2. All rotating equipment shall be balanced both statically and dynamically.  The equipment supporting structure shall not have any natural frequency within plus or minus 20% of the operating speed.  The equipment, while operating, shall not exceed a self-excited RMS radial velocity of greater than 0.10 inches/second.  Vibration pick-ups shall be placed on the bearing caps in the horizontal, vertical, and axial directions, or on the equipment supporting structure if the bearing caps are concealed.
1. Accelerometers shall be permanently placed on all pieces of equipment in hard to reach or unsafe areas.  The University has standardized on 100 milli-volts/(g) with an accuracy of plus and minus 5 to 10 percent and BNC connections.  The University is currently using Wilcox or SKF accelerometers and an SKF Microlog CMVA60 detection monitor.
2. Critical areas should be discussed with the University.  Tighter tolerances may be desired in certain circumstances.
3. The specifications shall require the Contractor to hire a third party vibration analyst to conduct baseline vibration signature tests of specified pieces or classes of equipment.  The Professional shall review the proposed equipment for the project with the University and agree upon which type of equipment to include in the specifications for vibration analysis.  This process should be accomplished as early during the design phase as possible.  The specifications shall also state that the University's Commissioning Contractor shall witness and/or verify the accuracy of the Vibration Contractor's test results.  If an abnormal amount of equipment fails the Commissioning Contractor's verification (% to be determined on a project basis), the vibration tests by the Contractor must be repeated for all equipment.
4. Where equipment vibration exceeds manufacturer’s recommendations or levels specified, the Contractor shall make corrections to reduce vibration frequencies and amplitude to within specified limits.  If this cannot be accomplished, the equipment shall be replaced with equipment that will meet all requirements of the specifications.
5. The Contractor shall be required to submit a report for approval by the University and the Professional.  The report shall include vibration analysis and alignment data of all specified rotating equipment.  The report shall be submitted in paper and electronic format.  The electronic data shall be submitted in a form that may be imported to SKF's Prism 4 Solutions software program.
2. Equipment Isolation
1. Isolation shall be stable during starting and stopping of equipment.  Lateral thrust restraint isolators shall be provided where necessary to prevent excessive lateral movement under equipment start-up and stop conditions.  Lateral thrust isolators shall not interfere with vertical isolation.
2. Isolation shall be selected for the operating speed of the equipment.  Where the equipment is controlled by a variable frequency drive, the isolator shall be sized for the lowest expected operating speed.
3. Isolators located outdoors shall be hot-dipped galvanized.
4. Isolators shall be selected and located to produce uniform loading and deflection even when the equipment weight is not evenly distributed.
5. Base type, isolator type, and required minimum (not nominal) deflection shall be part of all equipment schedules shown on drawings and/or in specifications.
6. Unless otherwise specified, said base types, isolator types, and deflections shall be taken from the “Selection Guide for Vibration Isolation” table in the Sound and Vibration Control chapter of the ASHRAE Applications Handbook, current edition.
1. Fan and motor assemblies in air handling units may be internally spring isolated.  In which case, external isolation shall not be provided.
2. Packages containing other rotating equipment, such as compressors and pumps, shall be externally isolated.
3. Piping and Ductwork
1. Vibration isolation shall be provided for piping and ductwork as follows:
1. All high pressure ducts (over 6” wg) for 50’ from vibration isolated air handling equipment.
2. All piping located in mechanical rooms, or for a distance of 50’, whichever is greater.  Pipe hanger isolators shall have the same deflection as that supplied for equipment to which the piping is attached.
3. The vibration isolator units selected shall not deter the thermal movement of the piping or the expansion compensator from performing its required task.
4. Flexible Connections
1. Flexible duct connections shall be provided adjacent to air handling equipment.
2. Flexible piping connections shall be provided at piping connections to all rotating mechanical equipment mounted on vibration isolators.
3. Flexible conduit, equal to 150% of the distance between motor connection and adjacent attachment point, shall be provided for electrical connections to all vibration isolated equipment.
5. Interior Sound Pressure Level Requirements
1. The maximum interior sound pressure levels, due to installed HVAC equipment, shall not exceed those shown in the table of design guidelines for HVAC-related background sound in rooms in the chapter of Sound and Vibration Control, ASHRAE Application Handbook, current edition, unless otherwise specified.
1. While these guidelines are labeled as RC values, they shall be interpreted as NCB guidelines (per ANSI Standard S12.2).
2. The RC Mark II method shall be used for investigating room noise problems in the field, per the above noted ASHRAE Handbook chapter.
6. Exterior Sound Pressure Level Requirements
1. Equipment installed outside the building, at grade, in areaways, attached to walls, and on the roof, such as cooling tower fans, air conditioning units, refrigerant condensers, fans, exhaust silencers, air intakes, etc. shall comply with all local, city, state, and federal requirements.

.06 Mechanical Identification

1. By Professional
1. All Mechanical drawing symbols used shall be in accordance with standards of accepted practice.  The University's Equipment Identifier Prefix Acronym Standard shall be used when naming all equipment for a project.

   Document	Version Date	Description
   Equipment Acronym List

2. All equipment shall be individually numbered on the drawings by the Professional (for example--unit heaters, use UH-1, UH-2, etc., even though both units may be the same size and type).  Numbers shall be in accordance with the University's Central Control System (CCS) numbering guidelines.  On renovation projects, numbers shall be in sequence with the CCS numbering scheme already in place for the building.  The Professional should consult with CCS to obtain these numbers.
2. By Contractor
1. Equipment
1. All equipment, including associated electrical devices, shall be tagged in accordance with the University's CCS numbering guidelines.  Tags shall be engraved, black, laminated, micarta tags with white reading symbols secured to equipment (not motor), usually inside access door for equipment in finished areas and exposed in all other areas.  Tags should be mechanically fastened to equipment.  DO NOT USE GLUE OR WIRE.
2. Piping and Ductwork
1. Three-fourth-inch wide, adhesive-backed vinyl cloth labels shall be used on all piping 2" and smaller.  Label lettering shall identify both the medium being conveyed and the direction of flow.
2. Two-inch-wide, adhesive-backed vinyl cloth labels shall be used on piping greater than 2" and on all ductwork.  Label lettering shall identify both the medium being conveyed and the direction of flow.
3. Labels shall be spaced maximum 15' centers. Position labels for easy viewing.
4. Identification of piping and ductwork may also be stenciled in a neat manner following the size and spacing guidelines as previously listed.
3. Valves
1. Valve tags - 1" x 2" laminated, black micarta attached by 10 gauge brass "S" hook.  Valve numbers to be engraved as large as possible and to read white.
2. Valve charts shall be typewritten on white bond paper and mounted in a glass-front frame.  Charts shall indicate service, number and location.
3. On renovation projects, contractor shall be directed to revise existing valve charts as required.
3. University Mechanical Color Code
1. In addition to the usual painting called for under the mechanical trades, the University uses a piping color code.  The following color designations conform to the system established by the American Standards Association.
2. In general, the following color coding rules will apply:
1. Red - Rust-Oleum #1210 or equal
1. Fire protection
2. Stop
2. Blue - Rust-Oleum #721 or equal
1. Warning against moving, equipment, etc., operating, or use of equipment, etc., without authorization.
3. Yellow - Rust-Oleum #722 or equal primer
1. Caution
2. Other uses as designated by code
4. Gray – MAB Ply-Tile #504A-11 undercoat
1. All masonry walk and interior plant structures other than equipment, boilers, etc., to be light gray color similar to Rust-Oleum #906 silver gray, with traffic areas 4 feet from floor a dark gray similar to Rust-Oleum #975 gray.
5. Orange – Rust-Oleum #1151 or equal
1. Dangerous materials
2. Other uses as designated by code
6. Green – Rust-Oleum #594 or equal
1. Safety
2. Safe materials
3. Specific Colors for Piping will be as follows:
1. Air Piping (Compressed) – Yellow with Green (Pressure under 100 psig)
2. Air Tanks (Compressed) – Yellow with Green Band
3. Anchors – See Hangers
4. Ash Vacuum System – Dark Gray (Rust-Oleum #975 or equivalent)
5. Blow down Lines – See Drains
6. Boilers – Light Gray except hot surfaces to be heat-resistant aluminum
7. Carbon Dioxide – Yellow with Black Band
8. Chemical and Brine Tanks – Green with Labels
9. Chilled Water – Green with White band
10. Chlorine Water Solution – Yellow with White Bands
11. Combustible Gases – See type of Gas
12. Condensate – Green with Red Band
13. Conduit – To be painted to match surface to which attached, i.e., wall or ceiling.  When suspended, such as the run out to a motor, treat as equipment and paint Gray.
14. Cooling Tower Water – Green with Yellow and White Band
15. De-mineralized Water – Green with Gray Band
16. Decorator Tanks – Aluminum (heat resistant)
17. Domestic Water – See Potable Water
18. Drain Lines – Aluminum with Red Bands
19. Effluent Water – Green with Yellow Band
20. Feed Water – High Pressure – Orange with Green Band
21. Feed Water – Low Pressure – Green with Orange Band
22. Fire Lines – Red
23. Gas – See type of Gas 
24. Hangers – Portion actually supporting; i.e., surrounding pipe, is to match pipe.  Remaining portion to be Black.
25. Hazard Striping – Where applicable
26. Heating Water – See Water
27. Hot Water Storage Tank – Green with Labels
28. Hydrants Fire – Red
29. Hydraulic Oil – Yellow with Red Band
30. Natural Gas – Orange with White Band
31. Nitrous Oxide – Yellow with Black Band
32. Oil – Yellow with Red Band
33. Oxygen – Yellow with Black Band
34. Propane – Orange with White Band
35. Potable Water – Green
36. Refrigerants – Yellow with Black Bands
37. Return – See type of return, such as hot water condensate, etc.
38. Sanitary Sewers – Aluminum with Red Bands
39. Sewage Gas – Orange with Black Band
40. Sludge (Sewage) – Dark Brown with White Band
41. Soft Water – See Water – De-mineralized
42. Softener – Green with Labels
43. Steam piping – High Pressure (over 50 psig) – Orange
44. Steam Piping - Low Pressure (below 50 psig) – Yellow
45. Utility Water (Non-Potable) – Green with Yellow Band
46. Water Tanks – Green with Labels
4. Miscellaneous:
1. Do not Paint valve wheels, lever operators, or controls.
2. Scaffolding, ladders, barriers, etc., should be Blue.
3. Use hazard striping where necessary, such as at the head of stairs and where head room is minimal.
4. All stair treads, risers, etc., are to be #9182 Rust-Oleum or equivalent.  All painted railings are to be Light Gray with liberal applications of hazard stripping.
5. In general, the basic color schemes will be as follows:
1. Equipment--Light Gray or Aluminum
2. Walls--Light and Dark Gray
3. Floors--Light Gray or Tile Red
6. Other Requirements
1. In unfinished areas, including attics, crawl spaces, tunnels, and above suspended ceilings, the contents of the pipe and direction of flow should be indicated by 8-inch color bands painted or applied around the pipe at 20-foot intervals.
2. Piping in finished areas should be painted out in the scheduled room colors and should then be color-coded with 4-inch color bands painted or applied to the piping or piping covering where the piping enters and leaves the finished areas.
3. The painting of exposed heating and ventilating work, plumbing work, and electrical work in finished rooms should be specified to be included under General Construction Painting Section.  The painting of color code identification, stenciling of contents, directional arrows, etc., should be the responsibility of the respective Contractors. 

.08 Access Panels

1. Access panels are required in each situation where items requiring maintenance are located above a concealed ceiling.
2. Use screwdriver actuated locks.
3. Access panel sizes shall be suitable for application.
4. Access panel locations shall be indicated on contract drawings.
5. Access panels are not required in lay-in ceilings, but identify appropriate tile with color button, cleated through, located on the adjacent ceiling grid.  Use color code of principal service.

23 05 93 Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing for HVAC

.01 Testing and Balancing

1. All testing and balancing shall be done in accordance with the National Environmental Balancing Bureau (NEBB) or Associated Air Balance Council (AABC).
2. On major construction projects, as determined by the University, the balancing subcontractor must be certified by AABC or NEBB.
3. Procedures
1. The environmental systems including all equipment, apparatus and distribution systems shall be tested and balanced in accordance with the AABC or NEBB Procedural Standards. 
2. Fume hood testing shall be in accord with the procedure outlined in the AABC manual.
3. All instruments used for measurements shall be accurate, and calibration histories for each instrument shall be available for examination.  Calibration and maintenance of all instruments shall be in accordance with the requirements of AABC or NEBB.
4. Accuracy of measurements shall be in accordance with AABC or NEBB Standards.
5. During the operating tests of the chilled water system, provide, if necessary, a false load equal to full capacity on the chiller and submit data on gpm flow, pressure drop, inlet and outlet temperatures of chilled water, amperage of chiller and ambient air temperature at condenser.
6. In addition, the Contractor shall check the operation of all automatic temperature control equipment; verify all thermostat, aquastat, airstat, etc., set-points and operations; and enlist the aid of the control Subcontractor to make necessary adjustments where required.
4. Reports
1. Eight copies of the final reports shall be submitted on applicable AABC or NEBB Reporting Forms for review and approval by the Professional and University.
2. Each individual final Reporting Form submitted must bear the signature of the person who recorded the data and the signature of the testing and balancing supervisor of the performing firm.
3. If more than one certified firm performs the TAB work, all final reports shall be submitted by that certified firm having managerial responsibility.
4. Identification of all types of instruments used and their last dates of calibration will be submitted with the final report.
5. The final test report shall include appropriate reference to all problems regarding the system(s) encountered prior to, during and after testing and what action taken to correct the problem(s), including noise and vibration.
6. Each report shall include a print, (or sketch) reduced in size, showing all supply, return, and exhaust air outlets for easy reference to report data.
7. An approved copy of the balancing report shall be included in the Maintenance Manual submittal.
5. Fan Sheaves
1. It is unacceptable for a balancing contractor to indicate that a system has been balanced as far as the existing sheaves permit.  Change pulleys, belts, sheaves, etc., as required.
2. All adjustable sheaves shall be replaced with suitable fixed sheaves prior to final acceptance by the University.

23 07 00 HVAC INSULATION

.01 Insulation

1. Fire Hazard Ratings
1. All insulation shall have composite (insulation jacket and adhesive used to adhere the jacket to the insulation) Fire and Smoke Hazard ratings as tested under procedure ASTM E-84, NFPA 225 and UL 723 not exceeding:
1. Flame Spread            25
2. Smoke Developed     50
2. Accessories such as adhesives, mastics, cements, and cloth for fittings shall have the same component ratings as listed above.
3. Paper laminate jackets shall be permanently fire and smoke resistant.  Chemicals used for treating paper in jacket laminates shall not be water soluble and shall be unaffected by water and humidity.  The only exceptions to the above are flexible foamed plastic insulation.
2. General
1. All pipe insulation shall be continuous through walls, partitions, ceiling openings and sleeves where fire and smoke ratings permit such penetration.
2. Where pipes pass through fire-rated floors, walls, or partitions, the use of a UL approved system for through penetrations is required.  The annular space around the pipes shall be packed with mineral wool or other noncombustible material and sealed at each exposed edge to maintain the rating of the system in accordance with the through penetration sealant manufacturer's recommendations.
3. Insulation on all cold surfaces must be applied with a continuous, unbroken vapor seal.  Hangers, supports, anchors, etc., that are secured directly to cold surfaces must be adequately insulated and vapor sealed to prevent condensation.
4. Edges of vapor barrier insulation at valve stems, instrument wells, unions and other raw edges must be adequately sealed to prevent moisture from penetrating the insulation.
3. Insulation Protection Shields:
1. Insulation protection shields fabricated from galvanized steel shall be installed at all pipe hangers and supports.  Shields shall span an arc of 180°.
2. Provide shield lengths and thicknesses as outlined in the latest version of the International Mechanical Code or MSS-SP69.
3. Rigid cellular glass insulation, capable of resisting the crushing effect of the hydraulically loaded piping, shall be placed under each shield.  Jacketing material shall be wrapped around rigid insulation and adjacent top and butt sections to maintain the jacketing continuity.
4. An 18 gauge stainless steel shield shall be installed on insulated piping located on the roof.  The shield shall be a minimum length of 36 inches and field located to prevent damage to the insulation while walking over the piping.
4. Duct Insulation
1. Insulation systems shall conform to requirements in ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999.
2. The use of duct liner is discouraged.  Duct liner may be considered for acoustical purposes only with the written approval of the University.
3. All duct insulation in mechanical rooms shall be rigid fiberglass board, minimum density 6 lb/ft3.  All other duct insulation shall be blanket-type insulation wrapped on the outside of the ductwork.
5. Pipe Insulation
1. Insulation systems shall conform to requirements in ASHRAE Standard 90.1-1999.
2. In general, refrigerant piping systems shall be insulated with elastomeric pipe insulation.
3. In general, all other piping systems shall be insulated with fiberglass piping insulation with an all-service jacket.  Fittings, flanges, and valves shall be insulated with fiberglass inserts and premolded polyvinyl jackets.
4. Special insulation protection shall be considered for areas subject to abuse, moisture, etc. (i.e. outside, wash down areas).
6. Equipment Insulation
1. In general, equipment shall be insulated with elastomeric or mineral fiber insulation.  All equipment handling a medium below ambient temperature shall be additionally provided with a sealed vapor barrier.
2. The following equipment must be insulated to the fullest extent possible.  Removable “Hot Cap” insulation must be provided for those items that will require insulation removal for periodic maintenance or inspection.  This includes many of the items listed below.
1. Steam
1. Valves, strainers, pressure reducing valves, pressure relief valves, traps, and condensate receivers/pumps, flash tanks, heat exchangers
2. Hot water
1. Valves, strainers, pumps, expansion tanks, air eliminators, storage tanks.
3. Chilled water
1. Pumps, valves, heat exchangers.

23 09 00 INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL FOR HVAC

.01 General

1. Refer to "Building Automation and Control Systems" web sites on the Penn State Design & Construction Standards Page.

23 20 00 HVAC PIPING AND PUMPS

23 21 00 HYDRONIC PIPING AND PUMPS

.01 Hydronic Systems (General)

1. Follow Bell and Gossett guidelines for air separation.  Use an air separator, with an automatic air vent, on the suction side of the pump.  Pump away from converter.  Manual vents are standard but automatic vents will be considered in special situations and locations.  Where vent location is high or otherwise inaccessible, install valve at vent chamber, then extend 3/8" tubing to nearest janitor sink or mechanical room floor drain and terminate with ball valve.  Use automatic water feed set to maintain proper system pressure.  Add cold water make-up at air vent line above air separator.
2. Ethylene Glycol systems shall be considered when outside air at a temperature below 20 degrees exceeds 50% of the total air stream.  However, the professional shall not specify Ethylene Glycol systems until specifically approved by the University.  See 23 25 00 for more information.
3. All hot and chilled water systems shall be chemically cleaned after all items of equipment have been connected to the system and all piping has been completed.  Cleaning shall be done prior to installing chemical treatment or glycol, and prior to acceptance by the University.  See 23 25 00 for more information:
1. Notify the University at least one week in advance of the date and time that system cleaning is to take place.  The University shall observe the system cleaning process.
4. All air handling and terminal unit coils shall be provided with flow measuring devices.
5. Reduced pressure principal back flow preventers shall be installed on all make-up water lines.

23 21 13 Hydronic Piping

.01 Piping

1. Piping shall be pitched and valves installed to facilitate complete drainage of the system.
2. All piping run within the building shall be run concealed in the finished portions of building in pipe spaces, ceilings or furred chases and exposed only in mechanical rooms and where shown on the drawings.
3. No pipe shall pass in front of or interfere with any openings, door or window.  Head room in front of openings and doors shall in no case be less than the top of the opening.
4. Piping shall not pass exposed through electrical rooms or be erected over any switchboard or other electrical gear.
5. Pipe sizes shall be indicated on the plans at each change in direction and at all branch take off locations.
6. Provide 2-inch clearance between insulated piping and other obstructions.
7. Unions:
1. No union shall be placed in a location which will be inaccessible.
2. Unions shall be installed adjacent to all equipment for repair and replacement.
8. Electrolysis Control:
1. Electrolysis control between dissimilar materials shall be achieved through the use of dielectric nipples and a non-dielectric union.  Dielectric unions shall be avoided whenever possible.
9. Bypasses:
1. Three valve bypasses shall be installed around control valves and pressure-reducing stations serving critical areas.  Areas deemed to be critical shall be reviewed with the Project Manager.
2. In all applications, use ball valves for shut-off purposes and globe valves for throttling purposes in the bypass line.
1. Gate valves may be used for shut-off purposes in large line sizes.
2. Ball valves equipped with “characterizing discs” may be used for throttling purposes in lieu of globe valves.
3. In water applications, ball valves may be used for throttling and shut-off service.
4. No other equipment is to be provided with a bypass unless approved by the Project Manager.
10. Sleeves:
1. All pipes passing through wall or floor construction shall be fitted with sleeves.  Each sleeve shall extend through its respective floor, wall or partition and shall be cut flush with each surface unless otherwise specified.  Sleeves shall be two pipe sizes larger than the pipe when un-insulated and of sufficient size to allow for the insulation without binding.  Floor sleeves in mechanical rooms shall extend 4 inches above finished floor, all other spaces minimum one inch above finished floor.
2. Sleeves in bearing walls, masonry walls, masonry partitions, and floors shall be standard weight steel pipe finished with smooth edges.  For other than masonry partitions, through suspended ceilings and for concealed vertical piping, sleeves shall be No. 22 USG galvanized steel.
3. Where pipes pass through waterproofed floor or walls, design of sleeves shall be such that waterproofing can be flashed into and around the sleeves.
4. Sleeves through exterior walls below grade shall have the space between pipes and sleeves caulked watertight.
5. Install one-piece chrome-plated escutcheon plates with set screw at sleeves for all pipes exposed in finished areas.
6. The annular space between sleeves and pipe shall be filled with fiberglass insulation and caulked in non-fire rated situations.
7. Where pipes pass through fire-rated floors, walls, or partitions, the use of a UL approved system for through penetrations is required.  The annular space around the pipes shall be packed with mineral wool or other noncombustible material and sealed at each exposed edge to maintain the rating of the system in accordance with the through penetration sealant manufacturer's recommendations.
11. System and Equipment Drains:
1. All piping shall be arranged to completely drain the system.  Drain locations shall be located at all system low points.
2. Where sectionalizing valves are installed, a drain shall be installed on downstream side of valve to drain that section of the system.
3. All cooling tower drains and overflow are to be piped to sanitary system (not onto roof).
4. All system and equipment drains are to be piped to a floor drain.
12. Welding:
1. All welding shall be done in accordance with the AWS.
2. All boiler, pressure vessel, and gas piping welding must be done by certified welders as required by applicable codes.
3. All welding must be done with portable welding machines.
13. Pressure Tests:
1. All piping must be tested prior to receiving insulation.
2. Test pressures shall be minimum 1 1/2 times system operating pressure or as specified by the Professional.
3. Pressure tests must be witnessed and acknowledged in writing by a University representative.

.02 Hot Water, Chilled Water, Vent Piping

1. All supply water piping shall be graded up and return graded down in the direction of flow.  At all high points in the piping system, manual air vents shall be installed to eliminate air pockets at initial fill.  Drains shall be installed at all system low points.
2. All water piping shall be black steel pipe, ASTM A-53, Grade B or copper, Type 'L', hard drawn.  Schedule to meet pressure requirements
3. Pipe fittings two inches and smaller shall be screwed or soldered as applicable; 2-1/2 inches and larger shall be soldered, welded, flanged, or grooved couplings, as applicable.
4. The use of the Ridgid ProPress system is permitted for pressed copper piping connections.
5. Grooved Coupling Piping Systems are permitted, subject to the following requirements:
1. All grooved piping shall be installed and supported in strict adherence to the grooved manufactures latest written installation and pipe supporting instructions. No exceptions.
2. Select proper gasket material that is compatible with fluid requirements. Gasket Lubricant shall be from the same manufacture as the couplings.
3. Pipe shall be grooved to manufactures recommended specifications. Grooving tools shall be from the same manufacture as the couplings.
4. All couplings, fittings, flanges, valves and accessories shall be from the same manufacture.
5. All grooved piping products (ie. Couplings, fittings, valves and accessories) used on hot water systems shall have a temperature rating of at least 250 degrees F.
6. All couplings used up to and including 24” shall have a minimum pressure rating of 350 PSI.
7. All couplings shall be the rigid design except as needed or required.
8. All castings shall be date stamped for quality assurance and traceability
9. The Grooved mechanical coupling manufacturer shall have a factory trained field representative to be available to visit the job site. That representative shall provide training for contractor’s field personnel, and view installed product to promote conformance to installation requirements, if requested by the owner, architect or engineer. The name and contact information of that representative should be part of the submittal package.

.03 Hydronic Specialties

1. Strainers
1. Strainers ahead of circulating pumps should be large mesh (at least 3/16") and stainless steel construction.  All strainers shall be valved and capped for blowdown.
2. Air Separators
1. Air separators shall be installed in each hydronic system.  They shall be full-line size.
2. Air separators two inches and larger shall have tangential inlets and outlets, ASME rated, strainer with blowdown.
3. Expansion Tanks
1. Tanks shall be diaphragm type, ASME constructed, complete with inlet and air charging valve.
4. Flow Balancing Valves
1. Flow balancing valves shall be installed at all terminal equipment and air handling units and all major branch connections.
2. For all line sizes, use differential pressure type similar to B & G Circuit Setter.
3. Size balancing valves for the specified flow rates, which may not necessarily be the same as the line size.
5. Side Stream Water Filters
1. Side stream water filters shall be used on all heating and/or cooling closed piping systems and on all open recirculating systems (cooling towers).
2. The Professional shall follow the University's water treatment guidelines found in The Design and Construction Standards 23 25 00 for a more complete description of the requirements for side stream water filters.

.04 Cold Water Make-up Piping

1. All cold water piping shall be Type 'L' hard drawn seamless copper tubing.
2. All cold water piping joints shall be soldered, no lead type.
3. Provide parallel filters on all incoming make-up water lines.
4. Provide a (RPZ) reduced pressure principle backflow preventer.
5. Cold water make-up piping is not to be directly connected to any system that utilizes glycol.

.05 Gauge Piping

1. All gauge piping on hydronic systems shall be extra-strong IPS red brass piping federal specification WW-P-351, Grade A, with threaded joints.
2. For high pressure steam systems, pressure gauge connections shall be suitable for the maximum allowable working pressure and temperature, but if the temperature exceeds 406°F, brass or copper pipe or tubing shall not be used.  The minimum size syphon shall be 1/4" inside diameter.  For low-pressure steam systems, all gauge piping shall be non-ferrous.
3. Provide gauge cocks (low pressure) or gate valves (high pressure) for isolation.

.06 Cooling Coil Condensate Drain Piping

1. Cooling coil condensate drain piping shall be Type L, hard drawn, seamless copper tubing.  Schedule 40 PVC with solvent weld joints may be used when there is no risk of hot water draining into the system.  PVC shall not be used in air plenums.
2. Provide a trap for twice system total static pressure or 2" minimum.
3. No piping less than 1" in diameter.
4. Provide cleanouts at traps and other locations as required.

.07 Blowdown Piping (Boiler)

1. Schedule 80, black steel, welded.
2. Pipe to funnel type floor drain or approved receptor.
3. For high pressure boilers (over 15 psig steam), specify a heat recovery unit on the blowdown system.  Flash steam could be utilized at the deaerator or other low pressure applications and hot water could be used to pre-heat the boiler make-up water.
1. Verify with the University, or with the local municipal authority, the permissible maximum temperature of waste water. 

.08 Ground-coupled heat pump well field systems

1. The University encourages the use and application of equipment that reduce the energy consumption of building systems.  However, the installation of ground-coupled or geothermal wells have groundwater contamination risks that must be addressed prior to design of any geothermal or ground-coupled systems.
2. Prior to the start of design, the Design Professional shall review any proposed geothermal or ground-coupled systems at any University location with the Office of Physical Plant, Engineering Services and obtain written consent to proceed prior to any further design development or installation.  No geothermal or ground-coupled systems shall be installed at any University location without written approval of the Office of Physical Plant, Engineering Services.
3. Where approved, well systems shall be designed and constructed in accordance with 23 81 00.03 and 33 20 00. 

23 21 23 HVAC Pumps

.01 Owner General Requirements

1. HVAC Pumping Systems - Application Requirements
1. Professional shall design each application for optimal operating efficiency, reliability, and flexibility with the lowest life cycle cost.
1. General:  Comply with Hydronic System Design and Control requirements in current ASHRAE Standard 90.1 supplemented by University requirements below.
1. 01 81 13 Sustainable Design Requirements
2. 23 00 01.01 Summary of Design Intent
3. 23 00 10.06 Central Heating and Cooling Plant
4. 25 90 00 GUIDE SEQUENCES OF OPERATION
5. Design Phase Submittal Requirements
2. Design for efficient and stable system operation:  Professional shall determine the anticipated minimum and maximum loads for each pumping system and evaluate most appropriate number, combination and arrangement of pumps for optimal efficiency and stable operation of pumps over entire operating range.
1. Overall pumping system shall be capable of operating effectively in extreme part load without deadheading or shutting off pumps entirely.  For large systems with broad range of loads, evaluate the application of an additional low load pump arrangement if minimum operating point would routinely be less than minimum staged or speed control capabilities of heating/cooling pump(s) sized for full load
1. Professional shall determine this minimum pump flow for each application. As a general guideline, this is often expressed as a percentage (20-25%) of the best efficiency point (BEP) flow rate, but shall be reviewed to comply with the pump manufacturers’ recommendations.  On variable speed pump applications, this minimum flow is a function of the pump BEP at the minimum speed which will maintain the system control head, NOT merely based on the BEP flow rate of the full design capacity impeller/speed curve.
2. Do not use automatic bypass valve installed in mains (directly across the pump) to ensure minimum flow.  These are often set up incorrectly or malfunction and contribute to poor system performance and yet are hard to detect as functioning improperly.
1. If otherwise unavoidable to assure stable operation at very low flows (avoiding deadheading) and/or to maintain temperatures in the loop, small bypass control valves may be located out at the end(s) of the distribution piping system.  The sizing of these valves shall be based on the absolute MINIMUM flow requirements of the pump operating at its minimum speed (as described above), not just an arbitrary “rule of thumb” percentage of the full design flow.  In these cases, the bypass shall be normally closed and open only when pump/VFD is at minimum speed and DP setpoint is exceeded for a specified minimum period of time (5 minutes (adj.).
3. Reliability:  Professional shall determine the consequences of system failure and provide for adequate system redundancy for each application. 
1. Install fully redundant (N+1) stand-by pumps for extremely critical applications (such as critical research laboratories and computer centers) and/or as otherwise defined specifically in the Owner’s Project Requirements.
2. Three (3) pumps in parallel, each sized for 50% of maximum load, with two operated in staged lead-lag control with the third in standby, offers the advantages of greater system turndown, three chances to total system failure, duty-standby ability, and smaller individual motors and pumps.
3. For non-critical applications (such as general office spaces, general purpose classrooms, general commercial type spaces) full redundancy/complete standby is typically not required.  In such cases two (2) pumps in parallel, each sized for 50% of maximum load may be considered.  This arrangements offers greater turndown and still provides for approximately 70% of total system capacity in the event of a single pump failure.
4. Flexibility: Consider potential future expansion of pumped systems. Extent of expansion will be determined on a case-by-case basis. Consult with the University Project Leader and Engineering Services.
2. Selection Criteria:
1. For HVAC Pump Systems (Chilled Water, Condenser Water, Hot Water Heating):
1. Use end suction, double suction or in-line pumps as described in Equipment Requirements.
1. Typically, use base mounted pumps for all applications over 10HP.
2. Match pump curve characteristics to system application. 
1. Flat characteristic pumps - closed systems with modulating two-way control valves.
2. Steep characteristic pumps -  open systems, such as cooling towers where higher head and constant flow are usually desired.
3. Select and specify pumps and motors to be non-overloading (not into the motor service factor), as the pump operates throughout any point along its flow/pressure curve.
1. This must be carefully considered, particularly in multiple/parallel pump applications to avoid overloading in single pump operation.
4. Select each pump as closely as possible to its best efficiency range, depending on application:
1. Constant-speed pumps:  pick pump such that conservative design conditions are close to and just left of, peak pump efficiency (to allow for safe and efficient operation at actual operating point that are typically at lower head/higher flow).
2. Variable-speed pumps:  pick pump such that conservative design conditions are close to and just right of peak pump efficiency (this allows for the pump to operate closer to the best efficiency curve as the speed is reduced to minimum since the actual system control curve is shifted up and thus to the left.)
5. Select for quiet operation.  In order to minimize potential for internal noise generation, pumps shall be selected so that the ratio of impeller radius to cutwater radius shall be no greater than 0.85.
6. Include additional gpm in pump capacity for bypass filter (approximately 10% of system capacity -  refer to bypass/sidestream filter requirements in chemical treatment section).
7. Pumps shall be rated for minimum of 175 psi (12 bar) working pressure or higher as otherwise required to provide rated working pressure of at least 1.5 times maximum operating pressure.
8. In general, specify pumps with 1750/1800 rpm motors, unless design condition necessitates alternate motor speed.
1. Motors shall meet NEMA Premium efficiency levels.
2. Comply with other special requirements for motors (shaft grounding) on variable speed drives indicated in 23 05 01.01 Motors and Drives
2. Seals:  The Professional shall follow industry best practices and the recommendations of the pump manufacturer to select and specify the most appropriate seals for minimizing long term maintenance and the lowest life cycle cost.  Refer to the following general guidelines and review with OPP.
   

   Seal Type	Typical Application	Temperature Range (°F)	Max. Working Pressure (psi)	PH Limits
   Standard Mechanical (BUNA)	Open or closed clear water systems (heating hot water, chilled water, closed loop condenser water).	-20 to +225	175	7-9
   Standard Mechanical (EPT)	Open or closed clear water systems (high temp hot water, special process, high temp, high PH).	-20 to +250	175	7-11
   FLUSHED SINGLE SEALS (Stuffing Box Design)	Closed or open systems where the temperature or pressure requirements exceed the limitations of the standard seal.	-20 to +300	175 or 250	7-11
   FLUSHED DOUBLE SEALS (Stuffing Box Design)	Closed or open low pressure systems which may contain a high concentration of abrasives.  An external flush is required.	0 to +250	175	7-9
   PACKING (Stuffing Box Design)	Open or closed systems which require a large amount of make-up water, as well as systems which are subjected to widely varying chemical conditions and solids buildup (open condenser water).	0 to +190	-	7-9

3. Documentation:  The Professional shall schedule all pump performance data and project/application specific requirements on the drawings (not within project specifications).  Pump schedules shall indicate identification tag, system served, operation (Duty or Standby), pump type (i.e. end suction, double suction), service fluid (i.e percentage of glycol, operating temperature, etc.) gpm, pump head, rpm, minimum pump efficiency (or maximum brake horsepower), motor horsepower, location, manufacturer and model number (basis of design), and electrical characteristics including starter/speed drive type, and whether on normal/emergency standby power (where applicable).
1. It is imperative to define minimum pump efficiency/max bhp to ensure final pumps submitted by contractor meet actual optimized design performance, not just within nominal motor horsepower.
2. Where remote start-stop, or status monitoring is required, use combination magnetic starter or variable speed drive (not manual starter).
3. Professional shall follow University Equipment Acronym List and Equipment numbering policy defined in Mechanical Identification in developing equipment tags and schedules.
4. Equipment Layout:  Comply with all Space Planning Requirements indicated in 01 05 05.02 Planning for Engineered Building Systems.  Maintain minimum recommended service clearances around pumps of 24”.
5. Quality Assurance and Uniformity:  
1. All pumps shall be constructed and tested in accordance with current ANSI/HI Standards for centrifugal pumps.
1. Small pumps (under 10 hp) shall meet at least level B performance of ANSI/HI 1.6 Standard.
2. Large pumps (10 hp and greater) shall be factory tested and certified to level A performance of ANSI/HI 1.6 Standard.
2. Pump manufacturer shall be ISO-9001 certified. Pumps shall be of U.S. manufacturer.
3. Provide pumps of same type by same manufacturer.
3. Related Standards Sections
1. 23 00 01 Owner General Requirements and Design Intent
2. 23 00 10 Systems Selection and Application
3. 23 01 00 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF HVAC SYSTEMS
4. 23 05 01 Mechanical General Requirements
5. 23 05 93 Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing for HVAC
6. 25 00 00 INTEGRATED AUTOMATION
7. 25 90 00 GUIDE SEQUENCES OF OPERATION
8. 26 29 23 Variable-Frequency Motor Controllers

.02 Equipment Requirements

1. Base Mounted, Flexible Coupled, End Suction Pumps
1. Base mounted end suction circulating pumps shall be of the centrifugal, single stage type, with back pull-out design.
2. Pump and motor shall be connected through a flexible drive coupling (per requirements below), with safety guard.
3. Pumps shall be bronze fitted, with bronze impeller, statically and hydraulically balanced.
4. A replaceable bronze shaft sleeve shall completely cover the wetted area under the seal.
5. Volute shall have gauge tappings at the suction and discharge nozzles and vent and drain tappings at the top and bottom.
6. Pump bearing housing shall have heavy duty regreasable ball bearings.
7. Pump and motor shall be properly mounted and aligned on a common, welded, rigid structural steel or cast iron base, with an enclosed perimeter with opening for grouting in place. Base shall be grouted in place.
2. Base Mounted, Flexible Coupled, Double Suction Circulating Pumps
1. Base mounted double suction circulating pumps, shall be centrifugal, single-stage type with horizontal split case design for servicing the impeller without disruption of the piping.
2. Pump and motor shall be connected through a flexible drive coupling (per requirements below), with safety guard.
3. Pumps shall be bronze fitted, with bronze impeller, statically and hydraulically balanced.
4. A replaceable bronze shaft sleeve shall completely cover the wetted area under the seal.
5. Volute shall have gauge tappings at the suction and discharge nozzles and vent and drain tappings at the top and bottom.
6. Pump bearing housing shall have heavy duty regreasable ball bearings.
7. Vertical split case design is also acceptable, where floor space is at a premium.
8. Provide rigid steel grout base and grout as described for End Suction Pumps section above.
3. In-Line (horizontal or vertical) Circulating Pumps
1. In-line circulating pumps shall be centrifugal, single stage; with cast iron body and bronze impeller and trim construction, unless special fluid handling dictates otherwise.  Impeller shall be both hydraulically and dynamically balanced.
2. The motor shaft shall be connected to the pump shaft via a replaceable flexible or split coupler with guard.
1. Coupler shall permit seal maintenance without disturbing pump or motor.
2. Motors shall be industry standard shaft and mounting for readily available and cost effective replacement, not close-coupled that have special shaft/motor mount requirements.
3. The pump internals shall be capable of being serviced without disturbing piping connections.
4. A replaceable bronze/non-ferrous shaft sleeve shall completely cover the wetted area under the seal.
5. Pump shall be of a maintainable design and for ease of maintenance should use machine fit parts, not press fit components.
6. Comply with manufacturer’s installation instructions for supporting pump to maintain proper shaft alignment.
4. Pumps - Close Coupled
1. Close coupled pumps are not permitted.
1. Although they may save space and have lower first cost, close-coupled pumps are typically undesirable from a maintenance perspective regarding repairing seals or replacing special order motors with special shaft or base mounting hole requirements.
2. Will consider exceptions for very small, in-line, booster pump applications in which it is more economical to replace pumps in entirety rather than service parts.
5. Pump Flexible Couplings
1. Pump flexible couplings shall be the elastomer-in-shear toothed or donut element type.  Coupling assembly shall have 4-way flexing action that can absorb torsional, angular parallel and axial shock, vibration and misalignment. 
1. Toothed element type shall be comprised of three parts, two metal flanges with internal teeth that engage an elastomeric flexible element (sleeve) with external teeth. Each flange is attached to the respective shaft of the driver and driven and torque is transmitted across the flanges through the sleeve. As manufactured by TB Woods “Sure-Flex” or equivalent.
2. Donut elastomer element type shall be comprised of three components, two shaft hubs and a lightweight, splin-in-half elastomer donut element with bonded attachment collars that are bolted to the hubs for easy replacement without removing the hubs..  Each hub is attached to the respective shaft of the driver and driven and torque is transmitted across the shafts through the element.  As manufactured by TB Woods “Dura-Flex” or equivalent.
2. Couplings shall be center drop-out, spacer type to allow disassembly and removal without removing pump shaft or motor.
3. Select suitable sleeve material for each application depending on maximum load, constant or variable speed/torque, and operating conditions for most trouble-free and longest service life. 
4. “Jaw” type couplings shall not be permitted.

.03 Execution

1. Installation and Start-up/Commissioning
1. Install pumps and accessories in strict accordance with the manufacturer's requirements for maintaining optimum hydraulic performance and lowest accessory pressure drop.
2. Base mounted pumps installed on slab-on grade shall typically be mounted on a concrete housekeeping pad with anchor bolts.  Base mounted pumps installed above grade shall be provided with concrete inertia bases with spring vibration isolators.
1. Exception:  For sensitive applications, such as experimental research that could be affected by mechanical system vibrations, provide inertia bases and spring vibration isolation regardless of floor construction.
2. In general, the housekeeping pad shall be at least 4 in. thick and 6 in. wider than the pump base plate on each side.  Vibration type bases shall also include a minimum 2” pad underneath to prevent water from reaching and corroding vibration spring mountings.
3. Steel pump frame bases shall be leveled on housekeeping pad or inertia sub-base, rigidly anchored, and completely filled with non-shrink grout formulated for equipment bases in accordance with pump manufacturer’s installation instructions.  Grout prevents the base from shifting, fills in irregularities, and further stiffens the base to maintain long-term alignment.
4. Sound and Vibration Control Requirements:  Comply with the following:
1. Standard 23 05 01.05 Sound and Vibration Control. Which also references the ASHRAE Handbook—HVAC Applications; Vibration Isolation and Control.
3. All piping connections to pumps shall be independently supported so that no strain is imposed on the pump casing flanges.
1. Support suction diffusers and piping directly in contact with pump from housekeeping pad (for slab on grade) or inertia base (above grade).
4. Install line-sized, low pressure drop shutoff valves (typically butterfly) in the suction and discharge piping of each pump to permit servicing the pump and strainer without draining the system. In multiple pump arrangements, install a non-slam check valve in each pump discharge to prevent reverse flow in a non-running pump.
5. Provide low pressure drop, flow-measuring station (venturi, orifice plate) located in the pump discharge.  Allow adequate length of straight pipe between the pump discharge and the flow station for measurement accuracy.  Install flow measuring devices in strict accordance with manufacturer requirements to ensure proper performance.
1. In general, do not use manual balance valves on pump discharge. See Hydronic System Balancing requirements below.
2. Multi-purpose (triple duty) valves are not permitted because:
1. Their pressure drop is usually greater than separate check and butterfly shutoff; 
2. they are often inaccurate and particularly at lower pressure drops,
3. the check valve portion cannot be repaired without draining the system unless an additional shut off valve downstream
6. Provide vibration isolation flexible pipe connectors (reinforced, double spherical neoprene type) between pump and suction and discharge isolation valves.  Connectors shall be rated for 2 times normal operating pressure.
1. Exception:  Flexible connectors are typically not required on in-line pumps (allowing pumps to be supported from adjacent piping.  However, special noise or vibration requirements in sensitive applications may overrule and still require the isolators.
2. Braided metal pipe connectors do not provide adequate vibration isolation and are thus not to be use.
7. Pump suction piping shall be kept free of air traps and pockets.
8. Install long-tapered reducers and increasers on suction and discharge lines to smoothly transition the pipe size and pump flanges with minimum pressure drop.  Abrupt transitions, bushings and reducing flanges are not permissible.
9. Install a strainer (coarse mesh) in the suction pipe to remove foreign particles that can damage the pump.  Final piping connection to pump suction shall be as direct and as smooth as possible to ensure uniform flow distribution.  Follow pump manufacturer’s installation instructions to ensure performance.   Eccentric reducers shall be used at the pump suction flange to reduce the potential formation of air pockets.
1. On base mounted pumps, install a long radius elbow and straight section of piping at least 5 pipe diameters long (or as otherwise recommended by pump manufacturer’s installation instructions) at the pump inlet to ensure uniform flow distribution.  Suction diffusers (combination elbow, flow straightening vanes and strainer) are recommended in lieu of the straight pipe requirement where spacing is a constraint.
2. Do not use strainers/suction diffusers on pumps for open condenser water systems pulling directly from cooling towers, as they can become quickly blocked, resulting in severely reduce system capacity, pump cavitation and damage.
3. Be sure to remove any temporary fine mesh start-up screen after cleaning/flushing and commissioning and replace with normal screen to protect the pump and minimize the suction pressure drop in normal operation.
4. Pump applications with a suction lift shall have an eccentric reducer or a long-sweep reducing elbow at the suction to avoid air pockets.
10. Provide a purge cock on top of the casing, a hose end drain valve on the bottom, and a hose end drain valve on blow-off side of the strainer/suction diffuser.
11. Install a single pressure gauge with ¼” ball valves and interconnecting piping from the suction to the discharge sides of the pump and upstream of the strainer shall be provided on each pump in order that each pressure and/or difference can be observed from a single gauge.
12. For vibration testing requirements, refer to Section 23 05 01 .05 Sound and Vibration Control.
1. Final Alignment: All base-mounted, flexible-coupled pumps shall have final alignment of motors, couplings and pump shafts performed by an independent HVAC Vibration Analyst, using precision laser equipment.
1. The Contractor shall coordinate and contract the services of the University’s HVAC Vibration Analyst (At University Park, arranged through the Supervisor of Refrigeration and Mechanical Services) whenever available.  Otherwise (and at Commonwealth Campus locations) the Contractor shall hire an independent, third party Vibration Analyst meeting the approval of the University. 
2. Align the pump shaft couplings properly and shim the motor base as required to be within tolerances recommended by pump manufacturer, and/or by specific coupling type, and/or University HVAC Vibration Analyst - whichever is most stringent.
3. Measured results of vibration testing and final alignment shall be recorded and coordinated to be entered into University’s Preventative Maintenance Software at time of start-up AND included in final report to be submitted as part of TAB/O&M submittals.
4. IMPORTANT:  Incorrect alignment causes rapid coupling and bearing failure.  This work must be completed to the satisfaction of the University as part of the criteria determining Substantial Completion.
13. Hydronic System Balancing;  Hydronic systems shall be proportionately balanced in a manner to first minimize throttling losses; then the pump impeller shall be trimmed or maximum pump speed shall be adjusted to meet design flow conditions at actual minimum pressure required to satisfy critical zone(s).
1. On constant speed pumps, the amount of overpressure shall be determined at time of system balance and the impeller trimmed to eliminate as much of the overpressure as possible.
2. On variable speed systems, the pump controls shall be adjusted by limiting the maximum speed of the pump.
3. Exceptions: Impellers need not be trimmed:
1. For pumps with pump motors 5 hp or less.
2. When throttling results in no greater than 5% of the nameplate horsepower draw, or 3 hp, whichever is less, above that required if the impeller was trimmed.
4. For testing, adjusting and balancing requirements, refer to 23 05 93 Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing for HVAC.
14. For insulation requirements, refer to 23 07 00 HVAC INSULATION.
1. Provide removable insulation sections to cover parts of equipment that must be accessed periodically for maintenance (i.e. – strainers, grease fittings, vent/drain plugs or valves, p/t ports)  without damaging insulation or compromising vapor barrier; include metal vessel covers, fasteners, flanges, frames and accessories.
2. Ensure that the bearing assembly grease fittings remain accessible and visible. Any vent slots on the sides and bottom of the bearing assembly should remain uncovered and completely open.
3. Insulation on pump systems operating below ambient dew point (such as chilled water) shall be insulated with closed cell foam with all joints and penetrations completely sealed to maintain vapor barrier.
15. Provide mechanical identification per University Standards.
1. 23 05 01.06 Mechanical Identification
16. Refer to Detail [23 21 23 – D01] for typical end suction pump installation.  (Details are not yet available in WEB-based manual.)
17. Refer to Detail [23 21 23 – D02] for typical in-line pump installation.  (Details are not yet available in WEB-based manual).

23 22 00 STEAM AND CONDENSATE PIPING AND PUMPS

.01 Steam Piping (In Building)

1. All steam piping shall be graded in the direction of flow, 1" in 40 ft.  At all low points in the steam piping system a drip station shall be installed. 
2. Provide offsets and bends wherever possible to allow for expansion and to control pipe movement.  Provide anchors and expansion joints as required.
3. Steam piping shall be black steel Schedule 40 ASTM A-53, Grade B.  Use all steel valves for steam piping.
4. Joints 2" and smaller, screwed; 2-1/2" and larger, welded or flanged.  All high pressure piping welded.
1. All steam pipe strainers and traps shall be removed and cleaned prior to acceptance by the University.
5. ALL CLEANING WORK IN THIS SECTION MUST BE WITNESSED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL SERVICES (FOR DGS PROJECTS) AND UNIVERSITY INSPECTOR TO BE ACCEPTABLE.
6. Drip legs shall be a minimum 1/2 the size of the steam main 18" in length with blow down valve at the bottom.  Trap line connection shall be located in the center of the drip leg.
7. Refer to 23 07 00 for Insulation.    

.02 Steam Condensate Return Piping (In Building)

1. All steam condensate shall drain completely by gravity or be pumped.  Steam pressure shall not be used to lift condensate after a trap.
2. All gravity return condensate lines shall be pitched 1" in 30' in the direction of flow.
3. All condensate return lines in buildings shall be Schedule 80 black steel, ASTM A-53, Grade B.  Use all steel valves for condensate piping.
4. Joints 2" and smaller shall be screwed; 2-1/2" and larger shall be welded or flanged.

.03 Steam and Steam Condensate Specialties

1. Traps and strainers shall be installed with isolation valves, check valves, and telltale drain to facilitate cleaning, maintenance and to check proper operation of trap.
2. Provide all traps with a minimum condensate collection leg of 18".
3. For low-pressure drips, use float and thermostatic.
4. For high-pressure drips use thermodynamic traps.
5. For modulating service use float and thermostatic.
6. Pressure Reducing Valves
1. The Main Steam Pressure Control Stations shall consist of an air-operated diaphragm control valve and a remotely-adjustable external air-operated pressure control pilot.  Direct spring-operated valves and valves with steam pilots will not be accepted.  Air lines shall be provided under BAS.
2. The diaphragm control valve shall have a flanged cast bronze body having a 250 psi pressure rating.  It shall have hardened stainless steel trim with a stellited seat ring.  The valve shall be single seated, and suitable for dead end service with a 250 psi pressure drip.  It shall operate on a 0 to 22 psi air signal from the control pilot and be normally closed (air to open).
3. The air-operated pressure control pilot shall be of the differential type suitable for readjustment from a remotely-located air loading panel.
4. The pressure controller shall be capable of maintaining outlet pressure within plus or minus 1/2 psi when passing flow from zero to the maximum specified, regardless of gradual inlet pressure variations.
5. The Steam Pressure Controller shall consist of a diaphragm control valve, type DDL or GPK, and a control pilot, Type UDDV, and a remote panel loader, Type PPF, all as manufactured by the Leslie Company or equal by Spence or Sarce.  Remote panel loader shall have integral filters or be proceeded by strainers.
6. Consideration shall be given to two-stage reduction when required by pressure and two-stage parallel reduction when required by varying load conditions.
7. All pressure-reducing valves shall have an ASME/National Board stamped safety valve set at the low pressure side maximum pressure, with sufficient relieving capacity for a fully open PRV and its bypass line, along with a pressure gauge on the low pressure side of the PRV.  The safety valve shall be piped full size minimum to a safe point of discharge outside the building.
8. The safety relief vent for PRV's serving systems of different pressures shall be piped independently of each other to a safe point outside the building.
9. Refer to Detail [23 xx xx .xx].  Details are not yet available in WEB-based manual. 

23 23 00 REFRIGERANT PIPING

.01 Refrigeration (General)

1. Where water cooled condensing units are specified, cooling towers or evaporative condensers shall be utilized.  Cooling water to waste systems are not permitted.
   
2. Where defrost units are required, they shall be electrically operated with adequate space provided to replace defrost elements.  Defrost should not be limited to electrical units.  In larger installations hot gas defrost is preferred.
3. Installations shall be provided with necessary protective devices including, but not limited to electric overload devices, low suction pressure cutouts (manual reset), high head pressure cutouts (manual reset), low lube oil pressure cutouts (manual reset), oil traps, crankcase heaters, and anti-recycling.
4. Systems shall be designed for 95°F outdoor ambient summer conditions and where winter operation is desired, 0°F conditions.
5. All installations shall be performed by qualified refrigeration mechanics.
6. Maintain manufacturer's minimum recommended clearances, including distances to any plant material.

.02 Refrigerant Specialties

1. Installations shall be complete with filters, dryers, sight glass, and thermostatically controlled solenoid valve for pump down operation.
2. Provide isolation valves at all specialties.

.03  Refrigerant Piping

1. Refrigerant liquid and suction piping shall be type "L", hard drawn.
2. Joints shall be made by brazing at a temperature greater than 900 degrees Fahrenheit.  A nitrogen purge shall be maintained while brazing all joints.  Copper-to-copper joints and copper-to-brass joints shall be made with 15 percent silver brazing alloy.
3. Main piping fittings for driers, sight glasses, expansion valves, and controls should be flare type fittings, when available.
4. Refrigerant system should be evacuated to 500 microns held for at least 24 hours under this vacuum prior to charging the system with refrigerant.  The procedure must be witnessed by PSU representatives.
5. Double suction risers shall be employed on systems with capacity reduction and where required by lift.
6. Precharged lines are not acceptable for systems above 5 tons.
7. All refrigeration piping to be anchored with Hydra Zorb type anchors.
8. Refer to Details [23 xx xx .xx] and [23 xx xx .xx].  Details are not yet available in WEB-based manual.

23 25 00 HVAC WATER TREATMENT

.01 Water Treatment

1. The Professional shall follow the University's water treatment guidelines found in The Design and Construction Standards 23 25 00 for a more complete description of the requirements for water treatment.
2. At University Park Campus, the University will supervise the introduction of the chemical treatment into the system.
3. The Professional shall discuss provisions of the chemical treatment program at Commonwealth Campus projects with the University.
4. All closed systems (hot water and chilled water) shall be provided with chemical treatment.
5. All open recirculating systems (cooling towers) shall be provided with chemical treatment.
6. All steam boilers shall be provided with chemical treatment.
7. Guidelines for the use of ethylene glycol will also be found in 23 25 00.

.02 Closed Systems Water Treatment (Hot & Chilled Water)

1. Equipment: All closed loops shall have a Bypass Feeder (Pot Feeder) piped into the circulation line, so that chemical treatment can be introduced into the system.  Pot feeder shall be constructed of 10 gauge steel, minimum.  Cap shall be a minimum of 4 inch in size and made of cast iron with Buna N seat ring.  A flow indicator shall be installed to show indication of flow through the bypass feeder.
2. Equipment Installation: Bypass feeder shall be installed across the re-circulation pump to allow for a minimum 5 psi pressure drop.  The discharge side of the pump shall be piped to the bottom of the feeder and the suction side piped to the top.  This will allow an upward flow of material in the feeder.  The shot feeder shall be located at least 12 inches off the floor, and manual ball valves shall be conveniently located near the bypass feeder to isolate and drain the bypass feeder. One ball valves shall include a memory stop set to keep a trickle flow through feeder to keep seals wetted.
   
3. Pre-operational Cleaner: All systems shall be flushed with water prior to chemical cleaning.  Use water meter to fill, record, and tag (permanent tag) the system with the actual system volume.  Chemical cleaner shall be added to remove grease, mill oil, organic soil, flux, iron oxide etc.  All terminal control valves and valves at end of runs (“dead legs”) shall be opened so that cleaner is circulated through the whole system.  After cleaning, all strainers shall be flushed, and strainer screens cleaned or replaced.  Once closed loop is chemically cleaned, system shall be dumped and flushed with water so that all cleaning chemical is removed from the system.
4. Chemical treatment: Shall be an alkaline, buffered, nitrite-based corrosion inhibitor, maintained at proper levels to prevent corrosion to the system. 

.03 Open Re-circulating Systems Water Treatment (Cooling Towers)

1. Equipment:
1. All towers (including Evaporative Condenser type Towers) shall be equipped with an automatic blowdown controller, LMI, model DC4000, or approved equivalent.  Controller shall have flame retardant, molded TPFE housing and clear polycarbonate cover that can be secured with a padlock.  Controller shall be capable of feeding chemicals 4 ways: Pulse, Percent of time, Limit timer, and Percent of bleed.  Controller shall have LED indicators for all functions and shall have a 4 to 20 mA output.  Controller shall be supplied with a flow assembly to include the conductivity probe as well as a flow switch.  The flow switch shall be capable of preventing the controller from operating the blow down valve or feeding chemical if no flow is indicated.  Flow assembly shall be able to be isolated by manual ball valves so that assembly can be repaired or replaced.
2. The fresh water make-up line to the tower shall have an electrical contacting water meter, Carlon, model JSJ, or approved equivalent.  This water meter must be capable of sending an electronic pulse to the controller to allow the controller to feed chemical based on the volume of fresh water to the tower.   The water meter shall be installed with a by-pass that is capable of being valved off so that water can still feed the tower and meter can be taken out for repairs.
3. Chemical feed pump shall be LMI, model P131-392SI, or approved equivalent capable of pumping 10 gal/day maximum.  Pump shall be supplied with an integral anti-siphon/priming valve.  All tubing shall be clear polyethylene.  Pump shall be capable of modulating its stroke and speed.  Pump shall have a liquid end construction of Polypropylene/Flourofilm/Polyprel.
4. If the condenser water volume is greater than 800 gallons, a solid halogen feeder (brominator) shall be installed to provide a controlled distribution of tableted, approved bromine and chlorine donors.  The brominator shall have an integrally mounted flow meter for accurate feeding and manual valve with the capacity to adjust the flow from 0 to 5 gal/min.  A pressure relief valve shall be used on those applications where the brominator is used on a pressure discharge or if the unit will be used in with conjunction with a solenoid and timer.   For systems with less than 800 gallons, a simple water filter housing shall be provided for the feeding of the solid holagen.
2. Equipment Installation:
1. Blow down valve shall be installed so that the valve can be isolated by conveniently located ball valves so that blow down valve can be removed, repaired, and or replaced.  A Strainer shall be installed up stream of the blow down valve to catch any dirt or debris that may prevent the blow down valve from functionally properly.  Strainer shall be capable of easily being cleaned and replaced.
2. The chemical inhibitor shall be injected into an area of high flow and shall use an injection nozzle that has a check valve to prevent the flow of condenser water into the chemical injection line.
3. All new systems shall have a corrosion coupon rack installed, so that coupons can be used to help diagnose any potential corrosion problems.  The rack shall be located so that coupons can be easily removed and installed.
3. Pre-operational Cleaner: All condenser water systems shall be flushed with water prior to chemical cleaning.  Use water meter to fill, record, and tag (permanent metal tag) the system with the actual system volume.  Chemical cleaner shall be added to remove grease, mill oil, organic soil, flux, iron oxide etc.  Once condenser water system is chemically cleaned, the system shall be dumped and flushed with water so that all cleaning chemical is removed from the system.  After cleaning, all strainers shall be flushed, and strainer screens cleaned or replaced.
4. Chemical Treatment: Inhibitor shall be designed to control corrosion of all metals, as well as inhibit the formation of scale. The chemical inhibitor shall be a blend of organic inhibitors and dispersants that contain no molybate, zinc, or heavy metals.  The use of the chemical inhibitor shall be in compliance with all local discharge regulations.  The chemical treatment program shall maintain proper levels of chemical inhibitor to sustain a LSI of 2.5 to 3.0.   PH of the condenser water shall not be below 8.0 and not exceed 9.5.   Biocide program shall be limited to solid halogen feed chemicals. These chemicals shall be fed in a manor that prohibits the growth of bacteria, especially Legionella prevention. 

.04 Steam Boilers Water Treatment

1. Equipment:
1. The fresh water make-up to the feed water tank shall be softened to remove calcium and magnesium particles from the water.  The softeners shall be regenerated automatically based on a water meter. The unit shall be sized so that softener regenerates approximately twice per week.
2. The feed water tank shall be sized to allow for a minimum of 10-20 minutes residence time of the feed water to allow sufficient time for pre-warming of the feed water.  The feed water tank shall be fitted with a stainless steel sparge line. The sparge shall be located on the bottom of the tank to allow for sufficient contact with the feed water.  Holes in the sparge line shall be positioned to the center of the tank away from the tank walls. The oxygen scavenger shall be fed directly into the feed water tank below the water line with a Stainless Steel injection nozzle.  The feed water tank shall have a factory-installed coating to help prevent corrosion on the tank walls.
3. A conductivity controller, LMI, model DC-4000, or approved equivalent shall be used to maintain conductivity limits within the boiler.  Controller shall have flame retardant, molded TPFE housing and clear polycarbonate cover, which can be secured with a padlock. Controller shall have LED indicators for all functions and shall have a 4 to 20 mA output. The controller will actuate a motorized ball valve when conductivity reaches above the set point.  The controller shall then close the motorized ball valve when the conductivity goes below the deadband.  The controller must be easily calibrated and come with a high-pressure conductivity probe.  Controller shall be provided with a motorized ball valve and globe valve to prevent flashing.
4. Two mixing tanks shall be provided: one for the dispersant and phosphate liquid chemical, another mix tank for the oxygen scavenger.  The mix tank pumps shall be relayed to the feed water pump so they are both activated when the feed water pumps are on.  Each mix tank shall have a mixer to allow suitable mixing of chemicals.  The water for the mix tanks shall be soft water, and if possible from either condensate or feed water tank.  Chemical pumps shall be sized to overcome the boiler pressure as well as pressure in the feed water line.  All connections from the chemical pump to the point of injection shall be hard piped, with check valves to prevent the feed/boiler water being pushed back into the chemical pump.
5. Stainless Steel Injection nozzles should be used to feed chemicals into the feed water line (or feed water tank for the oxygen scavenger). The injection nozzle for the inhibitor shall be in the feed water line, and after the feed water pumps but as far as possible from the boiler.   Each injection nozzle shall be installed with an isolation valve in case any repairs are needed to chemical feed system.   Provide check valves on all chemical feed lines to prevent the feed water from pushing back into the chemical injection line.
2. Pre-operational Cleaner:  (Boil out)  All steam boilers shall to be flushed with water prior to chemical cleaning.  Specially formulated, liquid boil-out solution containing inorganic and organic surfactant materials, iron sequestrates, and corrosion inhibitors shall be used.  The product shall be designed to remove oil, grease, and mill scale from new boiler surfaces and shall clean water-side surfaces that have become contaminated with oil or grease during service.
3. Chemical Treatment:  The dispersant and inhibitor shall be liquid blend of polymeric dispersants, phosphate conditioning agents for control of deposit formation and improved iron and sludge dispersion.  Product shall be suitable for FDA/USDA regulated facilities. The dispersant shall be mixed and maintained in a poly mix tank with mixer and high-pressure pump.  This pump shall be activated whenever the feed water pumps are turned on.  These chemicals shall be injected into the feed water line down stream from the feed water pumps and as close to the boiler as possible.  Oxygen scavenger shall be a powdered sodium sulfite, used to protect the feed water tank, piping and boiler from dissolved oxygen attack.  The oxygen scavenger shall be mixed and maintained in a poly mix tank with mixer and pump.  The pump shall be activated whenever the feed water pump is turned on. A check valve must prevent any back flow to the pump from the feed water tank.

.05 Ethylene Glycol Systems

1. Equipment:  Glycol systems shall be equipped with a mix and fill tank with manual fill capabilities, hose bibb from domestic water for tank filling, and tank level alarm interconnected with the BAS.
2. Equipment Installation:
1. Do not direct-connect makeup lines to glycol systems.
2. Glycol systems should be configured so that small sections of the system can be isolated with valves and drained to a local floor drain.  Alternatively, a tank should be installed at the glycol system fill point that is large enough to capture the entire system’s contents.
3. Pre-Operational Cleaning
1. All systems that are to be filled with a glycol solution shall be cleaned as outlined under “Closed Systems Water Treatment (Hot & Chilled Water)” above.
4. Chemical Treatment
1. Take reading of Glycol concentration in system.  (Should be 25% if system is off during winter months 30% if system runs in the winter).
2. Shutdown circulation pumps prior to adding additional glycol.
3. Open air vents at top of system to allow air to escape as system fills.
4. Use Glycol pump and add Glycol mixture (25% or 30%) until desired pressure is achieved.  (If correct pressure level is unknown, use 5 lb. Per floor as rule of thumb).
5. Turn on pumps and circulate system mixture.
6. Continue to bleed air until system is free of air.
7. Close valves to air vents once all air is out of system.
8. Recheck Glycol concentration and system pressure.  Add additional Glycol or water if needed to bring system to correct concentration level and correct pressure.
5. If you are not sure of proper fill procedures or how to determine correct concentration of mixture, please contact Mike Kelleher or one of the Environmental System technicians.

.06 Side Stream Filters

1. Closed Systems (Heating and Cooling)
1. All new closed circulating systems shall have a side stream filter.  This shall include all heating hot water, chilled water, dual temperature, and glycol solution piping distribution systems.
2. Equipment:  All closed circulating systems shall have a side stream filter piped into the circulation line, so that suspended solids can be removed from the system.  All filters shall be bag filter type so that bags can be either taken out and cleaned and reused or replaced.  All bags shall be 25-micron size.  Filters shall be sized to handle a minimum of 10% of the system flow (gallons per minute) that the circulating pumps are capable of producing.
3. Filter Vessel:  Material of construction shall be 304 Stainless Steel, with removable cap and swing-out bolts with eyenuts.  Units shall be capable of 150 psi working pressure.  Pressure gauges shall be mounted so that pressure can be read on both sides of the filter.  Gauges shall be capable of showing pressures from 0-100 psi, unless a higher operating system pressure is required.
4. Filter Bags:  Construction shall be polyester fiber, felt material.  Bags shall be capable of operating temperatures between 275 – 325 ?F.  Bags shall be a standard size to fit into the filter vessel.
5. Equipment Installation:  Filter shall be installed across the circulation pump to allow for a minimum of a 5 psig pressure drop across the filter unit.  Manual valves shall be conveniently located near the filter to isolate, balance, and drain the filter.  A ball valve shall be installed in the inlet pipe to the filter.  A combination shut-off/balancing valve shall be installed in the discharge pipe from the filter, and set for 10% system flow at all times.  The drain line shall be piped to the sanitary sewer.
2. Open Re-circulating Systems (Cooling Towers)
1. All new open circulating condenser water systems shall have a side stream filter.
2. Equipment:  All open circulating systems shall have a side stream filter piped into the circulation line, so that suspended solids can be removed from the system.  All filters shall be bag filter type so that bags can be either taken out and cleaned and reused or replaced.  All bags shall be 100 micron size.  Filters shall be sized to handle a minimum of 10% of the system flow (gallons per minute) that the circulating pumps are capable of producing.
3. Filter Vessel:  Material of construction shall be 304 Stainless Steel, with removable cap and swing-out bolts with eyenuts.  Units shall be capable of 150 psi working pressure.  Pressure gauges shall be mounted so that pressure can be read on both sides of the filter. Gauges shall be capable of showing pressures from 0-100 psi.
4. Filter Bags:  Construction shall be polyester fiber, felt material.  Bags shall be capable of operating temperatures between 275 – 325 ?F.  Bags shall be a standard size to fit into the filter vessel.
5. Equipment Installation:  Filter shall be installed across the circulation pump to allow for a minimum of a 5 psig pressure drop across the filter unit.  Manual valves shall be conveniently located near the filter to isolate, balance, and drain the filter.  A ball valve shall be installed in the inlet pipe to the filter.  A combination shut-off/balancing valve shall be installed in the discharge pipe from the filter, and set for 10% system flow at all times.  The drain line shall be piped to the sanitary sewer.
3. Manufacturer
1. Filter Vessels:  Filter Specialists, Inc.
1. BFN 11:
1. 2” inlet and 2” outlet
2. Uses one #1 bag
3. Maximum 100 GPM water flow
2. BFN 12:
1. 2” inlet and 2” outlet
2. Uses one #2 bag
3. Minimum 4.4 square ft bag surface area
4. Maximum 220 GPM water flow
3. BFN 13:
1. 1” inlet and 1” outlet
2. Uses one #3 bag
3. Minimum 0.5 square ft bag surface area
4. Maximum 25 GPM water flow
4. BFN 14:
1. 1” inlet and 1” outlet
2. Uses one #4 bag
3. Minimum 1.0 square ft bag surface area
4. Maximum 45 GPM water flow
2. Filter Bags:  Filter Specialists, Inc.
1. Bag Size #1:
1. Minimum 2.0 square ft bag surface area
2. Minimum 2.1 gallon bag volume
3. 7” diameter x 16.5” long bag
2. Bag Size #2:
1. Minimum 4.4 square ft bag surface area
2. Minimum 4.6 gallon bag volume
3. 7” diameter x 32” long bag
3. Bag Size #3:
1. Minimum 0.5 square ft bag surface area
2. Minimum 0.37 gallon bag volume
3. 4” diameter x 8.25” long bag
4. Bag Size #4:
1. Minimum 1.0 square ft bag surface area
2. Minimum 0.67 gallon bag volume
3. 4” diameter x 14” long bag

.07 Water Analysis and Testing for Closed Loop Systems

1. The purpose of this procedure is to outline the steps used to test any closed re-circulating loops on campus, (chilled water, hot water, glycol, etc.).  This procedure also outlines many implications of what might happen if a closed loop system is not properly chemically treated.
2. The following tests will be run on each closed loop:
1. Visual Inspection:
1. After taking a sample of the water, the water analyst will visually inspect the water and see how clear the water is.  If the water is relatively clear the water analyst may continue with the remaining tests.
2. If the water appears cloudy and dark brown in color, the analyst will check to see if any filtration system is on the closed loop.  If so, the filter may need to be changed or backwashed.
3. The analyst may choose to take a water sample and let it set for a couple of hours.
1. After the water sample had time to sit for a couple of hours, if the water starts to clear up and a deposit forms on the bottom of the container – this indicates the water contains high levels of suspended solids.
2. If a filter is not already on the system the analyst may choose to recommend installation of some type of filter to help clear up the water.
3. Suspended solid loading in a closed water circulating loop can lead to problems, the solids can settle out in low flow areas.  The resulting deposit can cause corrosion and provide conditions that promote bacteria growth.  Some bacteria can absorb the chemical inhibitors used to prevent corrosion, which will still leave the system untreated, even though chemical has been added.  Deposits can act as an insulator preventing good heat transfer.  Not maintaining good heat transfer will increase energy costs to any system.
2. The analyst may choose to run an iron test using the Hach colorimeter based on the degree of water discoloration.
1. The water analyst should record the readings so comparisons can be made to previous readings to help diagnose the system in the future.
2. If the dissolved levels of iron are greater than 30 ppm, the analyst will recommend to have the system flushed and chemically cleaned.
3. High levels of dissolved iron left in the system can lead to more corrosion problems, leaks, poor heat transfer efficiency, as well as bacteria problems.
3. Conductivity:  Every system will have the conductivity measured.
1. After reading the conductivity with the conductivity meter the analyst will record the current reading and review past readings.  A conductivity reading higher or lower than the previous reading generally indicates a number of situations.
1. If the conductivity reading is higher than previous readings, this indicates that something has been added to the system, for example the water analyst may have added chemical to the system during the last service.  If chemical was not added and the conductivity has increased dramatically, the water analyst may need to check for potential areas of contamination.  If conductivity is above 5000 mmhos, it may be recommended that the system be drained and refilled with treated water.
2. Extreme levels of high conductivity can lead to some types of corrosion problems.
3. If the conductivity reading is lower than previously recorded, this indicates that some water was lost from the system.  (Most likely the chemical inhibitor levels will be low as well).  The water analyst may need to check with area maintenance to see if any work was done on the system to explain the water loss.  If the closed system inhibitor (NT403) has been added and conductivity levels have not risen from the last visit, this may indicate the system has a continuous leak.  If the conductivity levels remain low (approximately the same conductivity as the raw water), the analyst will need to check for leaks and report the problem to area maintenance.
4. Running at low conductivity may cause a number of problems.  First, it is a huge waste of water, chemicals and energy.  Secondly, it may damage equipment.  Fresh water makeup brought into a leaking hot water boiler loop will deposit certain types of deposition on the  boiler tubes.  If the leak is not caught in time the tubes could fail and the boiler may need to be re-tubed.  Leaks in a chilled water system can lead to scale build up in heat exchangers and chillers, lowering the equipment efficiencies  and raising the Universities energy costs. It may also promote corrosion and may increase the chance of piping failures.
4. Nitrite Test:  Each treated closed loop will be tested for Nitrite levels.
1. The water analyst will check past history of the nitrite levels for each system being tested.  If nitrite levels are lower than what is required, the water analyst will add the appropriate amount of closed system inhibitor (GE Betz NT403) to the system.  The water analyst should record the approximate amount of closed system inhibitor added to the system.  Not maintaining the proper nitrite levels will lead to corrosion problems, which may require the system to be repaired or re-piped.  It may also lead to iron oxide deposition in piping causing low flows and reduced heat transfer efficiencies.
2. If the nitrite levels remain low after adding the closed system inhibitor and conductivity has remained the same.  The analyst may choose to run a bacteria test on the system in question by using the GE Betz BioScan.
1. If the readings for the closed system is above 25 RLU’s the water analyst may request that the system be flushed.
2. If the water analyst discovers that the system does have a bacteria growth problem, he may choose to recommend the closed loop system be drained, refilled and treated with a closed system biocide as well as a bio-dispersant.  After the system has circulated for a couple of days the system should be dumped and refilled with fresh water retreated with closed system inhibitor (GE Betz NT403).
3. Within 2 weeks of retreating, the water analyst should retest the closed loop system for bacteria levels again, to verify the bacteria growth problem is gone.  Some bacteria can feed off the nitrite in the closed system inhibitor and will in turn promote corrosion was well as increase the chance of slimes and biomasses growing within the system.  These bacteria could reduce the efficiencies of the equipment and could cause health and safety issues for employees and the general public.
3. If the nitrite levels are high, it is not recommended to drain the system.  Rather, leave the system as is and record nitrite levels.  Additional chemical will not hurt the system.
4. The analyst may choose to run a sulfate reducing bacteria test and may need to contact the GE Betz water treatment representative to do so.
5. PH Measurement:  Every closed loop will have the pH tested and recorded.
1. The water analyst will review the previous pH reading s and see if any big pH swing is evident.
1. The pH of the closed loop should always be higher than the make up water pH.
2. The pH of a closed loop should never be below 7.0.  If this ever arises, the closed loop should immediately be drained and retreated.  Any pH below 7.0  is considered to be a corrosive environment.
3. It is important to have a properly calibrated pH meter.  If the meter is not functioning properly the results may not be helpful in any system diagnosis.
2. If the pH reading has dropped dramatically from the previous service visit, it would indicate that there might be a bacteria growth problem.  Refer to the Nitrite Testing section of this procedure for testing and dealing with the potential of bacteria growth.
3. If the pH reading is high (above a pH of 11) the system should be drained, refilled and retreated with closed system inhibitor.  Certain types of corrosion can occur at high pH levels.
6. Glycol:  Each glycol system should have the glycol measured using a refractometer.
1. This reading will indicate the level of freeze protection the closed loop is treated for.
2. If lower than what is required for the system, the water analyst will contact Central Services for glycol addition.

.08 Water Treatment Control Limits

1. Condenser Water
1. 6 to 9 ppm of Phosphonate
2. 0.5 to 1.0 ppm of Chlorine Residual
3. 2.5 cycles of concentration
2. Closed Loop Chilled Water System
1. 300 to 600 ppm of Nitrite
3. Closed Loop Hot Water System
1. 600 to 900 ppm of Nitrite
4. Glycol Systems
1. Systems operating in the winter: 30% solution by volume, (3? F freeze protection)
2. Systems not operating in the winter: 25% solution by volume, (10? F freeze protection)
5. Hot Water Boilers
1. 600 to 900 ppm of Nitrite
6. Steam Boilers
1. 30-60 ppm of Sulfite
2. 30-60 ppm of phosphate
3. 3000-4000 mmhos of neutralized conductivity

23 30 00 HVAC AIR DISTRIBUTION

23 31 00 HVAC DUCTS AND CASINGS

.01 Ductwork

1. General
1. Duct sizes shown shall be inside clear dimension.
2. Use ASHRAE and SMACNA guidelines.
3. Ductwork pressure classification shall be specified in the contract documents.
4. All metal ductwork shall be cross-broken to insure rigidity.
5. All rectangular elbows shall have double thickness turning vanes.  The use of radius elbows with double thickness turning vanes over rectangular elbows is encouraged.
6. Every branch duct should be provided with an expanded take-off from the main duct.  A manual balancing damper shall be installed at the take-off.
7. Fume hood exhaust duct work shall be specified for Type 316 welded or galvanized steel coated with PVS.
8. Fiberglass ductboard will not be permitted.
9. In ductwork carrying steam or high humidity, all seams shall be welded or sealed.
2. Manual Volume Dampers
1. Manual volume dampers shall be installed in all branch ducts for balancing and shall be indicated on the drawings.  All balancing shall be done with branch duct dampers and not with diffuser dampers.
2. Dampers shall be opposed blade with adjustable quadrant and locking device with position indicator.
3. Access Doors
1. Hinged access door shall be installed at all automatic dampers, fire dampers, reheat coils and other apparatus requiring inspection and servicing.
2. Doors shall be suitable for the pressure classification.
3. Doors shall open against static pressure in duct.
4. Doors shall be fully gasketed and insulated when installed in insulated ductwork.
4. Flexible Connections
1. Flex connections shall be provided at connections to all moving equipment.
5. Flexible Ductwork
1. Flexible ductwork shall not exceed 6' in extended length. 

23 33 00 AIR DUCT ACCESSORIES

.01 Fire Dampers

1. Fire dampers shall be installed where required by the International Mechanical Code and NFPA.
2. Temperature rating of fusible links shall be shown in the contract documents.
3. Frames shall be large enough so that there will be no obstruction to air flow when the dampers are open.  Construction and arrangement of fire dampers shall be as approved in each case prior to installation.  Access shall be provided for replacement of links and so labeled.
4. Fire dampers shall be approved by U.L. and so labeled and installed, shall comply with the requirements of NFPA 90A and the International Mechanical Code. 

.02 Sound Attenuators

1. Refer to 23 05 01.05 Sound Pressure Level Requirements. 
2. An analysis is required for both supply and return ductwork systems.
3. Drawings shall indicate velocity, S.P. loss, and db attenuation through all octave bands for each attenuator. 

23 34 00 HVAC FANS

.01 Fans

1. Fans, except power roof ventilators, shall be provided with lubricating type bearings with extended fittings as required.
2. All fans, including roof fans, shall be belt driven with solid sheaves.  For speed adjustments, the Contractor shall provide required sheaves and pulleys to meet specified CFM.  Band belts shall be used when multiple V-belts are required.
3. Fume hood exhaust fans shall have acid resistant coating, two (2) coats air dried "Heresite" or equal.  Design static shall not be less than one (1) inch S.P.  Spark resistant is required for explosive atmosphere.  Where design conditions do not permit the use of coatings, discuss requirements with the University.
4. Fan schedule on drawing should be very complete, giving area served, fan location, method of control, performance characteristics.  Controls must not be placed in public areas.  If fans are interlocked, schedule shall indicate the unit the fan is interlocked with.
5. Fan ratings shall be AMCA certified.
6. All fans shall be statically and dynamically balanced and run tested at the factory.
7. Belt guards:  Where required, guards shall be constructed of expanded metal mesh to allow for quick visual inspection of belts and pulleys without removal.  Guards shall be attached to equipment with hinges and/or quick release fasteners that can be turned without tools to allow for ease of maintenance.

23 36 00 AIR TERMINAL UNITS 

.01 VAV Boxes

1. Specify non-fibrous "IAQ" type internal insulation.
2. Include optional low leakage, gasketed, factory installed access door between damper and heating coil for access and cleaning.
3. VAV boxes shall be supplied without the manufacturer's controller.
1. The controller/actuator and temperature sensors shall be by the BAS vendor.
2. Include requirement for averaging velocity grid inlet airflow sensor.  Single point type not acceptable.
   
4. VAV Box schedule shall include minimum and maximum cfm's, NC levels, and coil ratings.
1. Selection of VAV terminal units:  Overhead heating shall limit supply air temperature to a maximum of 20 degrees above room heating setpoint to avoid room air stratification leading to complaints of cold feet and warm head.  Affect coil sizing and min-max heating cfm.  Define occupied and unoccupied heating and cooling min/max airflows, not just general min and max.  Needs to be fully defined to do programming setup of individual DDC controllers. Coordinate with control sequence.
5. When multiple boxes are used to serve a single zone, all shall be controlled from a single thermostat.
6. Location of all boxes shall be accessible for maintenance.

23 37 00 AIR OUTLETS AND INLETS

.01 Air Terminal Devices (Diffusers, Registers, Grilles)

1. The Professional shall require as part of the shop drawing submission:
1. The air terminal submittal shall include a complete tabulation of all devices identified by room number and listing the model, velocity, cfm, throw, pressure drop, sound level and flow factor and/or core area in square feet. 
2. The submittal shall also include the manufacturer's recommendations for air balancing procedures for the devices submitted.
2. Specify aluminum in damp or wet atmospheres.
3. Panel diffusers are not permitted.
4. Perforated supply diffusers are not permitted.
5. Linear diffusers are preferred for VAV systems.

23 38 00 VENTILATION HOODS

23 38 16 Fume Hoods

.01 Fume Hood Exhaust Systems

1. All systems shall have an adequate supply of make-up air tempered to room temperature.  Auxiliary air hoods shall not be used.  Total make-up air quantity shall not exceed that required to maintain the specified pressure relationship for the space.
2. Exhaust fans serving fume hoods shall be located at the discharge end of the system.  For additional information see Division 11 53 13 - Laboratory Fume Hoods.
3. Exhaust fans shall discharge a sufficient height above the roof level to provide safe discharge and dilution of hazardous chemicals.  System design shall meet ANSI/AIHA Z9.5.
4. Duct systems and fans serving hoods used with combustible materials shall be of spark-proof construction.
5. Use Type 316 stainless steel (welded), FRP or PVC.  Suitability of duct material shall be verified with the University.
6. Hoods, fans, and discharges shall be tagged for type of service and location of hood and fan.  Fume hoods shall be tagged to match serving fan tag.
7. Exhaust fans and ductwork handling toxic fumes and/or radioisotopes shall have a self-adhering CAUTION sticker attached.
8. Exhaust stacks shall be designed according to the latest edition of the ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook, Airflow Around Buildings.

23 40 00 HVAC AIR CLEANING DEVICES

23 41 00 PARTICULATE AIR FILTRATION

.01 Air Filters

1. Filters for comfort systems serving offices, classrooms and other non-critical areas shall be 30% efficiency throwaway filters.
2. Filters for systems serving critical lab areas, animal rooms and special areas will be dictated by the project requirements.  The Engineer shall review specific requirements with the University.
3. Filters shall have separate holding frame with side access and slide out frames properly sized in accordance with filter manufacturers' guidelines.  Frames shall be located to permit removal of entire frame for filter replacement.

23 50 00 CENTRAL HEATING EQUIPMENT

.01 Combustion Safeguards

1. All fuel burner combustion safeguards on gas-fired boilers over 100 HP and oil-fired boilers over 50 HP should be Factory Mutual approved equipment.
2. Drawings, including section details of wiring and gas train, along with a Factory Mutual Application for acceptance form, shall be submitted to Factory Mutual for review and acceptance prior to installation.
3. Final approval is based on a satisfactory field test of completed installation.
4. Gas fired unit heaters up to 400,000 BTUs need AGA approval. 

23 57 00 HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR HVAC

.01 Heat Exchangers

1. Plate and frame heat exchangers shall typically be specified in water to water and steam to water applications.
1. Heat exchangers shall be of bolted construction with heavy duty frame heads.
2. Plates shall be of 316 stainless steel construction and shall be gasketed to prevent cross contamination.
2. Shell and tube heat exchangers may be used if plate and frame units are inappropriate for the application.
1. Converters shall have steam in the shell and water in the tubes.  Tubes shall be 90-10 cupro nickel, ASTM B-111, and velocity shall be less than five (5) feet per second.
2. Provide sufficient clear space to allow for tube bundle removal.  (No less than the entire length of the converter.)
3. Tube bundles shall be straight tube design.  A spare tube bundle shall be provided as part of the contract.
3. ASME rating is required.
4. A relief valve sized at not greater than the heat exchanger's maximum working pressure shall be installed on the water side of each steam/hot water heat exchanger.  Since PA L&I currently considers chilled water heat exchangers to be unfired pressure vessels, provide relief valves on both the building chilled water side and campus chilled water side.  The relief valves must be installed at the heat exchanger and prior to the isolation valves.  The relief valve should be sized by the design professional.
5. Install vacuum breakers in piping for modulating steam supply and minimum 18" drip leg to trap inlet.
6. Converters shall be selected at 2 psig steam supply and .0005 fouling factor.  Control valves shall be sized for a steam entering pressure of 8 psig with a 6 psi maximum drop through the valve. 

23 60 00 CENTRAL COOLING EQUIPMENT

23 64 00 PACKAGED WATER CHILLERS

.01 Water Chillers (General)

1. Discuss chiller selection at conceptual design stage with the University.
2. Where the cooling load exceeds one hundred tons, consider the feasibility of installing centrifugal chillers.
3. Basis of design shall include models from a minimum of two reputable manufacturers.  Specify maximum acceptable sound levels.
4. Allow sufficient clear space equal to length and width of machine for tube pull clearance.
5. Discuss refrigerant selection with the University prior to equipment selection.  Chillers using chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as a refrigerant are not acceptable.
6. Provide beam with minimum 4' clearance above chiller or allow sufficient clear space above and around machine for utilizing gantry for compressor replacement.
7. Refer to 23 05 01.01 for motor inrush current and voltage drop requirements.
8. Mechanical rooms containing chillers shall be designed to meet the requirements of ASHRAE Standard 15.
9. Refer to Detail [23 xx xx .xx] for piping.  Details are not yet available in WEB-based manual. 

23 65 00 COOLING TOWERS

.01 Cooling Towers (General)

1. In general, specify units of galvanized steel construction with PVC fill.  Cooling towers may be similar to the Baltimore Air Coil "V" line. 
2. Indoor sumps should be considered where winter operation is required.  When towers are required to operate in the winter, sump heaters and heat tracing of piping shall be specified.
3. The Professional shall consult the University during the design phase and seek approval of the location of all cooling towers.
4. Select towers at 77°F W.B.
5. Provide fan shaft pull space at ends of tower.
6. See 23 25 00.03 for Cooling Tower water treatment.
7. Maximum acceptable sound levels shall be included in the specification.  Sound levels shall be appropriate for the location and take into account any local noise ordinances.
8. Condenser water temperature control shall be provided by a bypass valve unless an alternate control scheme is reviewed and approved by the University in advance.
1. Review application and best practices of piping arrangement, valve selection and control sequence of tower bypass control valve.  OPP has experienced several misapplications related to this.  Bypass should only be used for maintaining minimum temperature on system startup during cold weather.  We have seen these misapplied for primary control condenser water temperature.  Use tower fan speed control to maintain constant approach condenser water control scheme for near optimal energy savings and chiller efficiency.
   
9. Cooling tower fan speed control shall be specified unless the use of constant speed fan control is reviewed and approved by the University in advance.
10. Belt guards:  Where required, guards shall be constructed of expanded metal mesh to allow for quick visual inspection of belts and pulleys without removal.  Guards shall be attached to equipment with hinges and/or quick release fasteners that can be turned without tools to allow for ease of maintenance 

23 70 00 CENTRAL HVAC EQUIPMENT

.01 Air-Handling Equipment (General)

1. Professional shall design each application for optimal operating efficiency, reliability, and flexibility with the lowest life cycle cost.
1. Design for minimizing fan energy.  Specify lower than standard coil and filter face velocities to achieve lower component air pressure drops.
2. Reliability:  Professional shall determine the consequences of system failure and provide for adequate system redundancy for each application.
3. Determine and specify applicable emergency power requirements.
4. Equipment Layout:  Comply with all Space Planning Requirements indicated in Section 01 05 05.02 Planning for Engineered Building Systems.  Maintain minimum recommended service clearances.
5. Quality Assurance and Uniformity:
1. Equipment manufacturer shall be ISO-9001 certified.
2. Equipment shall be of U.S. manufacturer.
3. Provide equipment of same type by same manufacturer.
6. Related Standards Sections
1. 23 00 01 Owner General Requirements and Design Intent
2. 23 00 10 Systems Selection and Application
3. 23 01 00 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF HVAC SYSTEMS
4. 23 05 01 Mechanical General Requirements
5. 23 05 93 Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing for HVAC
6. 25 00 00 INTEGRATED AUTOMATION
7. 25 90 00 GUIDE SEQUENCES OF OPERATION
8. 26 29 23 Variable-Frequency Motor Controllers
7. Provide mechanical identification per University Standards.
1. 23 05 01.06 Mechanical Identification
8. Schedules shall be complete with area served, location, total air quantity, outside air (min/max), external and internal static pressures, total and sensible cooling capacities, entering and leaving temperatures (air and water) for all coils, heating capacities, steam pressure, steam coil condensation rate, fan rpm, minimum fan efficiency (or maximum brake horsepower), motor hp, voltage, (including starter/speed drive type), and whether on normal/emergency standby power (where applicable).
9. Fans and motors on 5 tons and larger shall be on a common isolation base or rail unless internally isolated by the equipment manufacturer.
10. Bearings shall be regreased, minimum L10 life of 200,000 hours (preferred, but no less than L10 life of 100,000 hours - Note:  L50 life of 200,000 hours is NOT acceptable.)  Extended grease lines to safe and readily accessible location with 1/8" steel tubing and flush plugs with relief set at 5 psig, shall be specified.
11. All fans 3/4 hp and above shall be Class II fans.
12. Fan shafts shall be solid.  Adequate fan shaft pull space must be provided.
13. Dampers shall have edge seals, low leakage (2%) type.
14. All components shall be accessible via access doors and removable panels.
15. Freeze protection shall be provided on all 100% outdoor air equipment.  (Double trap steam coils.)
16. Belt guards:  Where required, guards shall be constructed of expanded metal mesh to allow for quick visual inspection of belts and pulleys without removal.  Guards shall be attached to equipment with hinges and/or quick release fasteners that can be turned without tools to allow for ease of maintenance.
17. Provide marine lights in sections requiring routine service (fans, filters, full-sized access/inspection). Marine light shall be UL listed for wet locations. Light shall be complete with energy efficient, long-life fluorescent lamp and junction box.
18. In cooling applications where there can be a net gain in energy performance, use blow-through supply fan arrangement.  Primary potential energy benefit is to reduce latent subcooling required to account for fan heat.  Sensible heat of fan is added prior to coil and takes less energy to remove than to subcool air a few degrees below design supply air temperature (at saturated conditions) in typical draw-through arrangement.  However, care must be taken to achieve evenly distributed air across coils in blow-through arrangement with the least pressure drop penalty or reduction in fan efficiency.
19. Recirculation systems intended with mixing of air streams shall have a mixing section with necessary components specifically engineered to achieve evenly and thoroughly mixed conditions prior to entering heating or cooling coils.  This is critical in cold climates to avoid stratification and nuisance freezestat tripping.  Complete mixing is also important to achieve optimal coil performance, controllability and energy efficiency.  Professional shall include in the engineered design the application of air blenders, directional deflectors/baffles designed to force air streams into each other to mix, and/or blow-through supply fan arrangements in which air is mixed in fan section prior to coils.  Manufacturers “standard” mixing damper sections have repeatedly performed inadequately and are not acceptable.
1. Actual performance shall be field verified as part of Functional Performance Testing to achieve no greater than a 5°F range between the warmest and coldest spot leaving the mixing section. 
2. Design for adequate mixing between leaving face and bypass preheat coils and entering cooling coils.
3. Complete mixing external to AHU is another alternative.
4. Other resources for further reference: Functional Testing Guide,  Air Blenders and Baffle Plates

.02 Central Station Air-Handling Units

1. Units shall comply with requirements of .01 of Air-Handling Equipment (General) above.
2. Fans shall be statically and dynamically balanced, non-overloading centrifugal type.
3. Double wall, insulated casings and plenums shall be specified for all units including those serving heat and vent applications.
1. All fan sections shall have a perforated inner wall.
4. Casings for heat and vent applications shall have space for installation of future cooling coil.
5. Units shall be installed to allow removal of all coils, filters, and fan shaft.  Provide full finned width of coil on one side of the unit to facilitate removal.
6. Units shall be mounted on vibration isolators, unless internally isolated by the manufacturer and placed on a 6" concrete housekeeping pad.
7. All coils shall be air vented and arranged for proper drainage.
8. Steam coils shall be piped to prevent freeze-ups.  This shall include vacuum breakers and 18" drip leg to trap inlet which may dictate that units be mounted on angle iron frame above housekeeping pad.
9. One hundred percent (100%) outdoor air preheat coils shall be steam distributing type with external face and bypass control.  Coils shall be double trapped.
1. Do not use valve control for preheat application.
2. Review other heating mediums with University when steam is not available.
10. Provide flexible connectors in all piping and ductwork.
11. On economizer applications, apply dual OA dampers for better control and airflow measurement accuracy; (1) for minimum OA and (1) for economizer.  Comply with airflow measuring device manufacturer’s recommendations and instructions regarding airflow measuring devices to avoid inaccuracies such as turbulence created by adjacent crossflows of return air streams.
12. For Variable Air Volume applications, refer to Div 25 for guide sequence of operation.  Air-Handling Units - Variable Air Volume
    

.03 Energy Recovery Units

1. Consider for areas with high exhaust rates and 100% outdoor air systems.
2. Submit cost analysis and control sequence for approval prior to submission of final review drawings.

23 80 00 DECENTRALIZED HVAC EQUIPMENT

23 81 00 DECENTRIALIZED UNITARY HVAC EQUIPMENT

.01 Packaged Rooftop Equipment

The Professional shall obtain permission from the University before designing packaged rooftop units for University projects.

1. Air cooled packaged air-conditioning equipment shall be equipped with low ambient controls to permit operation to 0°F.
2. Rooftop package air conditioners 5 tons and larger shall be mounted on structural steel channel curbs with curb isolation rails.  Smaller units may be mounted on manufacturers' prefabricated curbs.
3. Submit details and catalog cuts of unit prior to design.  Units must be manufactured for that application. 

.02 Packaged Heat Pumps

1. Use of air cooled packaged heat pumps on University Park Campus are not permitted. 
2. When considered for use on Commonwealth Campus, prior approval must be received and 100% auxiliary heat must be provided.

.03 Water-Source Heat Pump Systems

1. Evaluate and select systems and equipment for lowest 30 year life cycle cost.  Refer to Design Phase Submittal Requirements, “Design Phase” Section, paragraph B.1.  Also refer to Design and Construction Standards, Introduction, Paragraph K and 23 00 01.01 Owner General Requirements and Design Intent.
1. Consider extra high efficiency units with 2 stage compressors and ECM fans whenever appropriate to achieve energy efficiency goals and improved part load performance, including reduced cycling of compressors.
2. Select refrigerant type for least environmental impact and best long term economic benefit. 
3. Where close dehumidification control is needed for the application, use technologies that avoid simultaneous heating and cooling mechanical energy.  Hot gas reheat or wrap around heat pipe may be viable options.
4. Minimize pump energy use with variable flow pumping controls whenever justified by lowest life cycle cost.
1. Systems shall be designed to include means to ensure proper flow to each unit within allowable ranges as overall system pressure and flow fluctuates without objectionable noise or maintenance nuisances.
2. Large quantities of decentralized terminal units with DX refrigeration systems and filters are undesirable in large scale projects due to extensive, multiplied maintenance requirements.
3. Dedicated outside air systems to supply preconditioned and dehumidified fresh air are required to adequately maintain zone relative humidity within acceptable ranges for indoor air quality and to minimize risk for mold growth.
1. Experience has shown that areas served by terminal cooling units with constant volume and occupied continuous fan operation and supplied with untreated OA as a rule have problems with inadequate dehumidification.   When compressors cycle off when space temperature is satisfied, any moisture condensed on the coil during the on cycle is re-absorbed back into supply air.  This problem is worsened by short cycling due to cooling loads lower than design maximum, which is most of the time.  Very serious high humidity problems occur when space has low cooling load and outside air conditions are cool and humid. 
2. Refer to economizer requirements elsewhere for spaces that will have year round cooling requirements.
4. Mechanical equipment requiring routine access for inspection and maintenance such as fans, compressors and filters shall be located in mechanical spaces with sufficient working clearances maintained.  Refer to Coordination requirements in 23 00 01.06.
5. Free delivery type units with compressors and fans located within areas served are prone to objectionable noise levels.  Therefore, they are not acceptable in noise sensitive areas such as classrooms, conference rooms, and sleeping areas.  Refer to Vibration and Sound Control requirements in 23 05 01.05.
6. Maintain at least a minimum deadband of 20 degrees in the condenser water temperature control(per IECC) between minimum setpoint(enabling heat addition) and maximum setpoint (enabling heat rejection). 
7. Be sure to insulate piping that will carry fluids below 55 degrees F or otherwise where condensation may occur due to transporting fluid at temperatures lower than ambient indoor dewpoint.
8. With low temperature loop temperature, the use of high efficiency condensing boilers is a viable option.  However, special care must be taken to ensure acidic condensate will be neutralized and operating staff must be properly trained to keep it maintained in perpetuity in order to not harm plumbing systems. 
1. Preferred method of heat rejection is open cooling tower (induced-draft type with VFD fan speed control), remote indoor sump, tower loop pump, plate and frame heat exchanger (or shell and tube with marine type headers that allow easy end removal for inspection and cleaning without disturbing the piping system) and a constant pressure, centrifugal solids separation system.
9. The first cost of this combination is relatively close to the cost of the closed circuit fluid cooler with all required freeze protection methods.  In addition, operating costs are lower because no heat is lost from the loop in the winter, winterization/freeze protection is minimized and less power is required for cooling tower fans.
1. Ground-Source Heat Pump systems shall, in addition to all of the above, meet the requirements listed below:
1. Refer to associated ground coupled heat exchanger (well field) requirements in 23 21 13.08 and 33 20 00.
2. Test wells:  In addition to the geological information required, the test well data shall include empirical thermal conductivity values that can be used to optimize the well field design.
1. Design and installation of ground-source heat pump systems shall comply with industry best practices in accordance with the following publications:
2. ASHRAE:  Ground Source Heat Pumps – Designing Geothermal Systems for Commercial and Institutional Buildings, current edition.
1. International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA):
2. Closed Loop Ground Coupled Installation Guide,
3. Slinky™ Installation Guide,
4. Design and Installation Standards,
5. Grouting Procedures for GHP Systems,
6. Soil and Rock Classification Field Manual,
7. Grouting for Vertical Heat Pump Systems
3. Antifreeze solution, if required, shall be non-toxic and have low environmental impact to minimize risk in the event of uncontrolled fluid loss through the well field to the ground/groundwater.  Ethanol formulated for commercial antifreeze solution and Propylene Glycol appear to be relatively non-hazardous and are presently the only options acceptable to the University.  Ethanol has slightly better heat transfer and lower pump energy characteristics and estimated lower solution costs of those two options.

23 82 00 CONVECTION HEATING ANC COOLING UNITS

.01 Air Coils

1. Separate drain pans for each cooling coil shall be provided.
2. Access doors shall be provided on upstream side of all coils.
3. Clearance shall be provided for the full finned width of coil for removal.
4. Cooling coil face velocities shall not exceed 500 fpm.
5. Air vents shall be provided at highest point.
6. Hose end drain valves shall be provided with isolation valves.
7. Vacuum breakers shall be provided on all steam heating coils.
8. Water coils shall be piped in counter-flow configuration.
9. When installing coils in a corrosive atmosphere, appropriate corrosion resistant coating shall be provided, i.e., fume hood run-around loops.
10. Refer to Details [23 xx xx .xx], [23 xx xx .xx], and [23 xx xx .xx].  Details are not yet available in WEB-based manual. 

.02 Heating Terminal Units (General)

1. Provide isolation valves on each item.
2. Design for average hot water temperature of 190°F or 1 psig steam supply.  Size steam control valve for 8 psig inlet pressure and 6 psi maximum drop through the valve.
3. Design drawings shall indicate all selection criteria.
4. Finish shall be submitted with color chip for approval.
5. Refer to Details [23 xx xx .xx] and [23 xx xx .xx].  Details are not yet available in WEB-based manual. 

.03 Finned Tube Radiation

1. Use sloped top style enclosure.
2. Use commercial grade enclosure.  Residential grade enclosure not permitted.
3. Controls (See 23 09 00).

.04 Fan Coil Units

1. Do not use four or five port control valves.
2. Fan speed control shall not be used.  Select units at high speed and use valve control for space comfort.

.05 Unit Ventilators

1. When installed in hydronic systems without glycol, units must have manual reset freezestat to (1) shutdown fan, (2) close outdoor air damper, and (3) open heating valve.
2. Motors shall be three speed with unit-mounted selector switch. 

23 83 00 RADIANT HEATING UNITS

.01 Radiant Heaters

1. Consider only for areas with high ceiling and low ventilation areas.
2. Do not use in office areas. 

23 84 00 HUMIDITY CONTROL EQUIPMENT

.01  Humidifiers

1. The steam source must be from building steam whenever possible.
1. Electronic steam generators to be used only when building steam is not available.
2. Water softening equipment shall be provided when electronic steam generators are used.
3. Provide two changes of canisters.
2. Follow manufacturers' guidelines for location.
3. Provide access panel with a glass vision panel on downstream side of manifold.
4. Controls (See 23 09 00).
5. Refer to Detail [23 xx xx .xx].  Details are not yet available in WEB-based manual. 

.02 Dehumidifiers

1. Small packaged dehumidifiers shall be arranged so condensate is piped to sanitary system.